[2 blank pages]
BALLADS
of the
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
[unnumbered page]
BOOKS BY
ROBERT ALLISON HOOD
BY SHORE AND TRAIL IN STANLEY PARK
THE CHIVALRY OF KEITH LEICESTER
THE QUEST OF ALISTAIR
THE CASE OF KINNEAR [unnumbered page]
[blank page]
[illustration]
From the painting by John Innes, by courtesy of David Spender Limited
“Captain, Vancouver took us there,
‘Puggie’ Pigot, McKenzie and me.
We had the DISCOVERY’S yawl.
A jolly boat party it was and all
were eating hearty and feeling fit.”
[unnumbered page]
ROBERT ALLISON HOOD
BALLADS OF
THE PACIFIC
NORTHWEST
It’s Discovery and Settlement
T H E R Y E R S O N P R E S S
TORONTO HALIFAX VANCOUVER
[unnumbered page]
COPYRIGHT, CANADA, 1946
BY
ROBERT ALLISON HOOD
PUBLISHED OCTOBER, 1946
REPRINTED, 1947
PRINTED IN CANADA
Wrigley Printing Co. Ltd., 1112 Seymour St., Vancouver, B. C.
[unnumbered page]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author here wishes to make grateful acknowledgements to all those who have helped him with information, criticism and advice in preparation of this work, and more especially to the following:
The late Mr. Lionel Haweis and the late Judge F. W. Howay; to Mrs. A. Chilton and Dr. W. Kaye Lamb for helpful comment after reading the proofs; to Dr. Walter N. Sage; to Dr. Ira Dilworth; to Mr. D. A. Chalmers; to Mr. Noel Robinson; to Mr. Eric F. Gaskell; to Miss Kathleen Shackleton and Miss Yvonne H. Stevenson; to Dr. J. B. Tyrell; to Mr. E. S. Robinson and the Vancouver Public Library for the use of their special collection of books on the history of the Pacific Northwest; to Mr. Willard E. Ireland and the Provincial Archives of British Columbia for valuable assistance and the use of photographs and source material; to Mr. Thomas Binford, Portland, Oregon; to Mr. David C. Duniway, Oregon State Archivist; to the Oregon Historical Society and Mr. Lancaster Pollard and Mr. Howard M. Corning of Portland, Oregon; to Mr. W. H. Cleland and Mr. A. E. Fisher of Invermere for the use of a photograph of the David Thompson Memorial Fort.
Also to the Hudson’s Bay Company for the use of the picture of “Dr. McLoughlin Welcoming the Settlers”; to David Spender Limited for the use of the plates of the frontispiece, “Vancouver Exploring Burrard Inlet, 1792”; to The Native sons of British Columbia for the use of certain of the pictures by John Innes hanging in the library of the University of British Columbia; to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company for the plates of “Sir George Simpson’, “The Indian Boy (hunter)”, and the scene with the pack train; to the Northern Pacific Railway for the use of a number of the decorative plates; to the Secretary of State of the United States of America for permission to use the picture representing the Lewis and Clark party from the murals in the State Capitol at Salem, Oregon; and to Mr. H. E. White for the interest and skill exhibited in his drawings and decorative pieces.
Books and articles that have been especially helpful to me in addition to standard histories dealing with the period and “Vancouver’s Discovery of Puget Sound” by Edmond S. Meany, “Mackenzie [page v] and His Voyageurs” by Arthur P. Woollacott, “Vancouver, A Life” by George Godwin, “The Search For The Western Sea” by Lawrence J. Burpee, “Cariboo Cameron” by Charles Clowes (Maclean’s Magazine) and “The Camels in British Columbia” by W. T. Hayhurst (Okanagan Historical Society). [page vi]
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CAPTAIN VANCOUVER EXPLORES BURRARD INLET |
Frontispiece |
CAPTAIN VANCOUVER MEETS SPANIARDS OFF POINT GREY |
Facing page 20 |
SAT-SAT-SOK-SIS, HIS SON, THE PRINCE |
59 |
SIR GEORGE SIMPSON |
85 |
ALEXANDER MACKENZIE RECORDS HIS GREAT ACHIEVEMENT |
93 |
SIMON FRASER FOLLOWING THE GREAT RIVER TO THE SEA |
100 |
HUNTING WAS GOOD |
121 |
SACAJAWEA |
125 |
MERIWETHER LEWIS AND WILLIAM CLARK WITH PARTY AT CELILO FALLS ON THEIR WAY TO THE PACIFIC, 1805 |
Facing page 132 |
DOCTOR MCLOUGHLIN WELCOMING THE SETTLERS |
137 |
FORT VANCOUVER |
150 |
THE PACKTRAIN |
157 |
[page vii]
[blank page]
Contents
ix |
|
The Sailor | |
HEARTS OF TRIPLE BRASS |
3 |
CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER |
26 |
The Indian | |
THE WHITE SLAVES OF MAQUINNA |
38 |
THE NARRATIVE OF JOHN R. JEWITT |
83 |
The Voyageur | |
MACKENZIE FROM CANADA BY LAND |
86 |
ALEXANDER MACKENZIE |
95 |
The Explorer | |
THE GREAT RIVER OF THE WEST: |
97 |
Koo-koo-sint |
99 |
David Thompson |
108 |
An Indian Pilgrimage |
110 |
The Mission to St. Louis |
118 |
Sacawejea |
120 |
The Lewis and Clark Expedition |
131 |
Doctor John McLoughlin |
132 |
The Miner | |
CARIBOO DAYS: |
152 |
The Rape of the Boot |
152 |
Walter Moberly |
155 |
Cariboo Cameron’s Pledge |
157 |
Moriturus |
165 |
The Camels on the Cariboo Road |
168 |
Afterword |
170 |
[page ix]
[blank page]
Foreword
Pictures in verse I here would bring you from a romantic period long ago, when science had not yet won the wondrous triumphs that now have crowned her. Then the seas were still perilous; and the lone mariner left his home port aboard his tiny vessel, forsaking him and country for months, perhaps for years, the ship his little world afloat in a watery wilderness of waves. Steam power and petrol had not yet been harnessed. There were no wires along the ocean floor to carry messages from shore to shore; nor was the air vocal to him with melody nor charged with the news of current happenings from day to day. Sport of the winds he sped before them, his ship a fragile toy was tossed on the turbulent wave or gently rocked on the slow swells or it might lie becalmed and motionless with even keel ‘neath tropic suns that scorched the deck or Arctic frosts that cased the masts with ice while weevily food and scurvy vexed his body. Travel upon land had hardships too. Then were no aeroplanes to scale the sky disclosing the earth beneath as on a scroll. [page xi] The explorer with indomitable courage set out into the unknown to traverse lofty mountains and to trace in frail canoe the course of mighty rivers, at times shooting their rapids or portaging with arduous toil through forests nigh impenetrable. And nature’s fastnesses were not his gravest perils; for all along his route dwelt savage tribes that oftentimes resented his intrusion and either boldly barred his passage or hung upon his flank to ambush him. Sometimes he won them o’er with gifts; at others he had to fight them or to flee; but with undaunted heart and resolute he journeyed on through unfamiliar ways, fired by the fervour of his quest. Presentements of fact and incident are here, culled from the chronicles of those simpler times, imperfect and desultory no doubt, yet such as mayhap may serve to open vistas, intimate glimpses of the rich glamour and beauty of those most stirring days of high adventure in this Northwest of ours.
[illustration]
[page xii]
The Sailor
What though loved voices seem to speak, home voices calling kind and dear? Yet the wanton, west wind fans my cheek and the salt, salt sea sings in my ear, as I set my face for lands to seek with a steadfast heart and joyful cheer. [unnumbered page][blank page]
Hearts
of
Triple
Brass
I
THE STRIPLING, George Vancouver, sailed with Cook, a blue-eyed, fair-skinned boy but fifteen years, scarce yet down of nascent manhood showed Tells how upon his tender cheek—for these the days George when Britain’s sea-dogs took their training young— Vancouver enrolled “A.B.” as was the custom then first went for those who were to tread the quarterdeck to sea and learn the fine traditions of the sea and follow their great forbears. He was come of good Dutch lineage in paternal line, and on his mother’s side of county blood, his sire, Customs Collector in King’s Lynn, that quaint old Norfolk port. ‘Twas there the boy had learned to think long thoughts about the sea, had heard tall tales from sailors on the docks and seen strange trophies brought from foreign lands and thrilled at news of battles fought and won, perils of shipwrecks on uncharted shores where savage cannibals and wild beasts swarmed to prey upon the hapless sailor man. The sea was in his blood. What luck, indeed, that such as he should sail with Captain Cook to search the Antarctic for a Continent fabled to lie in that far Southern sea! Three years before he would return again— three strenuous years of hardships and of toil in which the RESOLUTION was his home, a sturdy vessel suited for her task full bravely manned and nobly captained too. [page 3] Cook was an inspiration to the boy, taught him the best he knew of seamanship, high sense of duty and of honour too, courage in danger’s hour and steadfastness, those sterling qualities that make the man and fit him to last out life’s trying day and keep his colours flying to the end. Fine seaman and a navigator skilled, Cook had as well the true explorer’s flair His benefits and the great gift of leadership. He kept by the his sailors free from scurvy, that dread scourge, training by balanced diet and so saved his crew of Cook from its dread fatal ravages which else had brought the voyage to an untimely end. So young Vancouver learned his ‘prenticeship under this famed explorer and he sailed with him the blue Pacific and he saw New Zealand and those favoured Southern isles, decked in their tropic splendour and romance— had watched the natives eat their enemies and seen his shipmates flogged for punishment and witnessed death at sea—all these and more impinged upon his growing mind ere home in three years time he came to Portsmouth docks, still boy in years but now a man in heart There as the ship was mooring he looked back over their rich experience and his breast thrilled with a poignant thanksfulness and pride, and wonder too that even to such as he had some these rare adventures and such friends as ‘mongst his shipmates he had made this voyage. There had been bitter with the sweet, of course. Some pangs of sheer homesickness he had known when in the gun-room’s rough-and-tumble play his fellow-midshipmen had hazed him well— his seniors, veterans of a year or two—[page 4] and flogged him with their colts* till black and blue to teach him due humility; again when boyish tricks or scrapes brought punishment and sent him to the masthead for his sins, sometimes in dirty weather when the wind cut through his flimsy sea togs clinging close, till he was numb with cold and when recalled could scarcely crawl down to the deck again; or when some sickness kept him in his bunk for days together. Even these chastened times in retrospect now seemed scarce hard at all viewed in the fair perspective of a voyage that had been full of wonder and of zest, of things to learn about the ship his home, her masts and sails and ropes and more, her moods so quaintly like a woman’s; and of the sea, that too so changeable.
*A piece of rope used as an instrument of chastisement.
[illustration]
[page 5]
II
ANOTHER YEAR and Cook set sail again the RESOLUTION still his gallant ship. THE DISCOVERY was his tender, Captain Clerke Captain Cook This time the venture had a wider aim. sets off First he must chart these far Pacific isles on another he had discovered; then to sail North-east voyage on past the Sandwich Islands and still on, New Albion and to Nootka forward still to seek the North East passage, that bright dream of mariners for nigh two hundred years, to link the two great oceans, also chart the coastline as he went to be a guide for those who should follow. When they sailed Vancouver’s name was on the muster roll of the DISCOVERY. Proud was he to be and Vancouver under his loved commander once again. is again It was a wond’rous voyage, that they made, of his at times heroic, full of incident. company Far, far up North to sixty-nine degrees along that dangerous, serrated coast uncharted and unknown ‘gainst peril of rock and tempest, fog and treacherous, hidden shoal, disease and hostile natives, thrusting through by small boat parties fingering tortuously, they penetrated till at last they faced Cook is a wall of ice through which they could not pass, forced to a barrier bleak, awesome, unconquerable! turn South Cook turned his helm and southward sailed again, again leaving this bleak, inclement, barren coast—[page 6] that was in April, Seventeen seventy-eight— to seek Hawaii’s langorous Southern shore, that lotus-eater’s paradise far famed, alas! a fatal shore it was to prove. [page 7]
III
THERE on the beach that fateful day Cook died at Kealakekua Bay on bright Hawaii’s sunbaked strand, How Captain far from his misty native land. Cook met his A boat was stolen the night before death at the and so the Captain went ashore hands of the to ask Kar-re-obbo, the King savages to come aboard with him, a thing the old man first agreed to do— childlike he marked his pleasure, too, but his dark subjects showed alarm, dreading their chief might suffer harm; for Cook had come ashore attended by nine marines. They apprehended some lure behind the invitation— not without grounds their trepidation— so scurried fast across the sand and stopped their patriarch near the strand. With warning cries they voiced their fears, threatening the white men with their spears, In solent grown, the hostile crowd hustled the little band and loud, taunted with shouts derisive till Cook fired at one and fired to kill. Too late he found it was not wise the native valour to despise— to think a musket shot would clear the rabble from his path, in fear. He called the boats to come, stand by [page 8] and cease their firing. Help was nigh. The ship’s guns belched with sullen roar— her Captain now had reached the shore. The savages about him swarmed, with spears and daggers they were armed, and following closely in his track; and then he fell, pierced in the back right by the water’s edge; and then they speared him o’er and o’er again. His men were forced to swim away— their Captain dead, why should they stay? Four of the nine marines were slain. The five attained the boat again, which barely could make good its flight to reach the ship. In piteous plight powerless the crew before their eyes, saw their fierce foes with dreadful cries wreak vengeance on their Captain dead, dash on the rocks that noble head and dabble all with gore that brow— alas, where its bright beauty now! Those vigorous limbs so strong and straight, the savage foes, made mad with hate and following tribal custom, tore from off the trunk for trophies. More ‘t were ill to tell. This the sad end of Captain Cook; and his young friend, Vancouver doubtless sorely grieved for his great leader, felt bereaved and shaken by the loss, to see his goods put up for auction. He would take it hard. Yet life was sweet and he was young. He sure must meet this sorrow bravely. . . . [page 9]
IV
VANCOUVER came again in “ninety-two” to drop his anchor deep in Nootka Sound, Commander now on his own quarterdeck. Vancouver ‘T was fourteen years since he had sailed with Cook again and seen him stabbed in Kealakekua Bay. visits the The sailor lad was now a lad no more. North-West Mature in years and training he had sailed on active service under Rodney’s flag in that great naval battle of the Saints as a lieutenant on the frigate, FAME, had fought the French and shared its victory. In the West Indies he had served two years, surveyed the Kingston Harbour and Port Royal and did the work with credit so preparing himself for his great life work still to come. These had been stirring years in world affairs. The War of Independence had been won and Britain lost her colonies; and here far out at Nootka on this Western coast John Meares, a former naval officer, trader in furs, had nigh embroiled in war England and Spain by a Memorial in Parliament whereby at Nootka Sound the latter Power, he claimed, had seized his ships despite their British flag. A “teapot” storm itself, yet was, no doubt, a culmination, the symbol of a graver, weightier issue, Wherein Spain’s ancient sovereignty here In this Pacific seaboard was involved, [page 10] and England’s firm encroachment. That great trade in furs of the sea-otter was at stake and San Lorenzo (Nootka) was its depot. The Meares affair set Britain up in arms and caused a mighty mustering of ships— an armament indeed—just off Spithead. So Spain in fear of it ate humble pie and made a treaty granting Meares’ claim and ceding Nootka back to British trade, which she had claimed by prior settlement. Vancouver, then, came on a twofold mission. Under the Treaty terms he was to meet at Nootka with the Spanish admiral and there receive the territory back which Meares had occupied before; also he was to make some survey of the coast. So ere he came to Nootka, mark him now proceed with following breeze along the shore past the Columbia River’s yeasty bar and quite unconscious that behind it lay that great, majestic, navigable stream. Cape Disappointment’s barren promontories he skirted closely and with favouring winds he travelled on to Flattery’s rugged capes between Tatooche’s Isle and Duncan Rock into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Here they could observe the natives on the beach and others paddling in their frail canoes, of friendly mien and fain to come aboard had the Commander wished to shorter sail. And now beneath the high land’s sheltering screen the breezes moderated; gently the ships with easy motion glided down the straits past Classet’s village; and they sailed so slow, the smiling natives begged to come aboard and were with kindness welcomed and with gifts. [page 11] The season now was May; and fragrant winds with summery softness blew from off the land, caressed the sailors’ crinkled, rosy cheeks and made them sing for joyance; and when soon they struck a sheltered harbour, here they stayed. He names Vancouver named it Port Discovery Port Discovery after his vessel and Protection Isle, and he called the island lying at its mouth. Protection Isle
[illustration]
[page 12]
V
MENZIES and two of the midshipmen went with me in the yawl and Puget, our second lieutenant commanded the launch Vancouver and the Chatham’s master had charge of her cutter. tells how We set off at five on boisterous May morning they with four days’ provisions on board; for the weather had changed. discovered It was blowing a moderate gale. We had gone but a mile from the ship an alluring when the fog floated down upon us. Some two or three leagues we rowed inlet from the shelter of Port Discovery and we moored in another harbour that stretched away to the southward. Here we laid down our oars to wait till the weather should clear; and we put in the time fishing, hauling our big seine net along the beach with great labour but with scant reward for our paints. To our joy then at last the fog lifted. Before our admiring eyes there lay a delectable inlet with a steep bluff right before us and away behind at an angle reared a most beautiful mountain rounded soft on its slopes He names and covered with snow like a mantle right down to the green at its base. Mount Rainer I gave it the name of “Rainier” after my friend the Rear Admiral. [page 13] Mount Baker stood up there North-east, stately, remote and grand, with tinted, diaphanous sides, its white peak pearly and cloudlike. Onward we steered and still onward and the land on the shores grew more open: fields fertile and green contrasted the snow peaks above them; and we found an excellent harbour which I named for the Marquis of Townshend. and Port The southern part of the Inlet I called after young Mr. Puget, Townshend who showed such an excellent zeal in exploring its numerous fiords. and A likeable lad he was, trustworthy, capable, wise, Puget Sound one I was glad to honour, one I was sure would go far.
[illustration]
[page 14]
VI
OUT of us “middies” five of us went all very much on discovery bent: in the ship’s launch there were two One of the with Mr. Puget, Barrie and Crewe. ‘Discovery’s’ Captain Vancouver took us three, midshipmen “Puggie” Pigot, McKenzie and me. describes We had the DISCOVERY’S yawl. an incident A jolly boat party it was and all of a boat were eating hearty and feeling fit. party for We were explorers and proud of it. exploration We passed a cape that we named “Point Grey” and sailing round it into the bay, a crowd of Indians came to meet us, two score or more seemed glad to greet us and gave us a fish, a kind of smelt, (I soon had some of it under my belt). They paddled after us up the bay; as its head we found that an inlet lay stretching eastward with rocky shores. The wind had died so we took to the oars. It was almost night when we neared its head three leagues from its mouth. Our Captain said after we’d eaten dinner ashore and stretched our legs for an hour or more: The “Men, we must back to the boats to sleep. expedition This coast is too rough, its banks too steep follows to make it safe to pitch the tent.” an Inlet The others rose and off they went. to its head We boys asked leave to stay on land [page 15] and make our beds upon the sand The midship-men and this was given. “What fun,” said I decide to sleep on terra firma safe and sound on the beach and watch the stars go wheeling round.” while the rest “You’re right, it’s fun to be alone, spend the night we five together ‘on our own’,” in the boats said Barrie. “Yes, it’s jolly too with none to watch just what we do and we can lark just as we wish with none to listen but the fish,” said Mac; but Barrie raised his hand and filled Mac’s mouth half full of sand. The two then closed in playful fight and wrestled in the fading light prone on the stony beach; I, too, had straightway flung myself on Crewe while “Puggie” next the sun to share hovered about from pair to pair, thus swiftly joining in the lists pommelling us with his puny fists with indiscriminate blows; but soon wearied we ceased our play. The moon now rose in silver o’er the scene The day’s fatigues had tiring been. We stretched ourselves upon the beach well up beyond the water’s reach (or so we thought) and as for me, I went to sleep at once carefree The Narrator with all a boy’s abandon; dreamed has an adventures marvellous. It seemed exciting my ship had foundered in a gale dream and I was riding on a whale, the last survivor of our crew. (The CHATHAM it had perished too.) The fish had suddenly appeared [page 16] above the surface, when I feared that I must sink. In this sad plight I seized its tail and held on tight then climbed up on its back. My state of mind was piteous to relate as there I crouched. Then off it went at racing speed. I knew it meant that if the creature once should “sound”, then I must certainly be drowned. And so I drummed it with my heels to spur it on. A flock of seals had gathered round, a strange convoy. I was a most unhappy boy, and dumb with terror for, in chase, swordfish in shoals had joined the race to sheath their sharp swords in my steed. Most copiously it seemed to bleed until the sea was red with gore and down it plunged and luckless bore me far down with it, down, down, deep. Strangely enough I yet could keep my perch upon its back but fear still paralysed my limbs for near the swordfish followed, dogfish too and sharks, grey shapes of pallid hue, pursuing grimly snapped their jaws— to perish in these hungry maws. On awaking a fearful fate, indeed! Then more, he makes a I suffered much from cold and bore surprising the pangs of death, began to choke— discovery then mercifully I awoke to find it was not all a dream, for I was lying, it would seem, right in the sea. Up softly had crept the lapping waters while we slept. I rose in haste. My comrades too, [page 17] beside me, Barrie, Mac and Crewe were half awake; in sorry plight they surely made a comic sight all soaked and shivering cold and numb. The first faint light of morn had come. I looked for little “Puggie” Pigot. There he was tossing like a frigate, a full rod’s distance from the beach and floating farther out of reach. I shouted but he slept so sound, he would have drifted off and drowned if I had not plunged in once more and dragged him dripping safe ashore. The morning air was keen and chill. Coldly the dawn’s light topped the hill. Our calls had reached the Captain’s ear and soon we saw the yawl appear to take us off. We gladly crept aboard crestfallen. “Puggie” wept still half asleep; and as we stripped the Captain said we should be whipped for “messing up” the boat; but smiled to show he was not really “riled”, then helped to chafe our limbs all numb with cold and served a swig of rum from his own flask. So unafraid we warmed up from our escapade; and now we five have sworn no more to make our bed so near the shore. [page 18]
VII
‘TWAS a bright and windy morning when we met the Spanish ships at the opening of the bay in the breaking of the day; we were going ashore for our breakfast with a shanty on our lips One of the seamen and to land on Point Grey describes whence the mists had blown away; how they for the Captain said we might; we’d been cooped up precious tight; met the an’ the meanest thing afloat Spanish ships is a blistering open boat with the seats so hard beneath you and the broiling sun so bright; an’ our hams were achin’ sore but we didn’t get ashore— no, we never got ashore. For the Dons were kind and courteous and most amiably perlite, gave us breakfast of the best and we ate it with a zest; and washed it down with wine of a flavour to delight. They asked us all to stay but our Captain told them nay; for our shipmates were awaiting us some hundred miles away; and we rayther fancied too he was feelin’ kind of blue to find the Dons ahead of him—no, no, he wouldn’t stay. He liked the lads all right for they really were perlite— aye, they sure were most perlite. [page 19] And as we rowed away from them we gave a rousin’ cheer, an’ we wished them lots of luck for they surely showed their pluck; in these crank and crazy cockleshells to navigate up here, just a schooner and a brig, each of rummy, foreign rid, barely forty-five tons burden and with a scarce a score of men, grizzled seadogs out of Spain— aye, we told them we’d be fain to broach our rarest vintage when we met with them again. And the noonday sun shone bright as we watched them out of sight— aye, they faded from our sight. [page 20]
[illustration]
From the painting by John Innes.
CAPTAIN VANCOUVER MEETS SPANIARDS OFF POINT GREY
“’T was a bright and windy morning when we met the Spanish ships,
at the opening of the bay
in the breaking of the day; …”
[unnumbered page]
[blank page]
VIII
I’LL name it Desolation Sound. No prospect pleasing to the eye is here nor pleasant places on the shore; no game Vancouver or vegetable food to mitigate names our coarse sea-diet salt and flavourless Desolation recurring daily morning, noon and night, Sound from which the inner man revolts. Sometimes the very sap of life seems drained from out the limbs as if one’s body vigour were dissipated by the parching staleness and all one’s natural, physical functions are slowed to dangerous torpidity. And then the throbbing pain behind the eyes that comes at times, the gnawing heaviness that robs the nights of sleep, the dreary watches His thoughts when one reviews the progress of the voyage, are gloomy its perilous chances, its perplexities— and depressed the loneliness of rulership unshared, responsibility for the lives of men, two whole ships’ companies, for good or ill made subject to my sway and discipline. To keep their bodies well, their minds content beneath such hard conditions, no easy task; the seamen just like children to be praised or punished; no easy task to keep the happy mean, to hold the scales with keen, impartial eye, neither to be o’er harsh or too indulgent. Sometimes one’s angry feelings take control [page 21] to bring remorseful aftermath. But He who knows the weakness of our moral make-up, will have compassion on our frailty. Young Thomas Pitt now, that distressful lad, son of a peer and born to lofty station, a promising youngster when he joined the ship, plenty of pluck but not an ounce of balance, I often wonder what’s to ‘come of him. I’ll not forget the last time he was flogged, the look of hatred in his eyes for me as he was led away. Thank God, save him, I have a loyal staff of officers. But there’s a wretched loneliness of rank that hedges the commander of a ship and bears upon one heavily at times. These rocky shores inhospitable, flanked by majestic mountains whose high peaks proclaim the paltriness of puny man and mock the effrontery of such as we who come so far to spy them out, this night have cast a gloom upon me, a mood of deep depression. Johnstone has not come back. For several days his boat is overdue. He went to seek a passage outward to the ocean; and now my mind is prey to grim forebodings they may be swamped and lost. Shame on me now for lending harbourage to foolish fears! ‘T were well to change the current of my thoughts. but he is No doubt, ‘t is something cheered by reflecting to warrant an honest pride, on the benefits we should have fared so far of his explorations into these Northern latitudes so lone to those to name new lands and chart unsounded seas who come for other, happier men to follow after him and build their homes and plant their crops [page 22] and rear their children around them; and find their ways made pleasant by our pains. It is a heartening thing to think upon, consoling to the spirit ofttimes sad when the mind turns back with poignant longing and the heart hungers for old scenes and faces. What are they doing at home, at King’s Lynn, my sisters? and then There in the arbour tonight, do they sit in our old-fashioned garden, by the talking together of me and the happy times of our childhood, memory of wondering how I may fare and when they may look for my coming? his sisters There I can picture them fondly, there in the deepening twilight, at home faces loving and sweet framed in the trellis of roses, (memory carries me back, almost I scent their fragrance). Dear Sarah and Mary, the thought of them fills me with comfort. He names after them Names that are sweet to my lips, how shall I do them due honour? the two capes Names that have brought me good cheer I shall live to those capes that we skirted, at the sailing into this sound, this Sound I have called Desolation. entrance to Long may they thus be known to call up home thoughts to the sailor. Desolation Sound
[illustration]
[page 23]
IX
THIRTEEN guns for the Spaniard Quadra rang out across the waves at Friendly Cove, waking the echoes from the neighbouring hills The ‘Discovery’ ‘frighting the seabirds, as the British ships and the swept to an anchorage. Then in reply ‘Chatham’ thundered the Spanish batteries off the shore anchor in an equal salvo in Vancouver’s honour. Friendly And Indian watchers of the Nootkan tribe Cove hearkening stood rapt in wonder at the sound but could not catch its import nor could guess the great occasion that it celebrated. Vancouver with his party went ashore Vancouver is to be with warmth and graciousness received; graciously and lavish hospitality was exchanged. received Feasting and fellowship seemed doubly sweet by the to these wave-weary mariners so long Spaniard cut off from social converse with their kind. Quadra Don Quadra was a nobleman of charm. The two commanders learned a mutual love and admiration. This, despite that fate had given to each an uncongenial role in this, their two-part drama; for the one was to receive according to the Treaty the territories back that Spain had seized from British subjects; to surrender such, the bitter task the other had to face if he would implement the Treaty’s terms. But what the extent of those? Courteous and kind, with high-bred tact and winsome southern charm he sought to entertain his English guest [page 24] but would not cede more than the merest tittle of what Vancouver thought the pact provided; and history’s verdict proves the Spaniard right. “Haul down the Spanish flag at Friendly Cove? Quadra Surrender all of Nootka to the British?” refuses “No, no;” said Quadra, “for the power of Spain to cede from San Franciso to De Fuca’s Strait, all of still it must reign supreme.” So back and forth Nootka in verbal argument, by formal script, the controversy raged between the two, Vancouver firmly holding his contention for full surrender of the Nootka district, which Quadra curt denied him. Thus, at length, lacking a common ground where they could meet, they then agreed to send the matter back and it is for future settlement to their governments; decided and thus they parted, Quadra sailing south. to refer The two would meet again at Monterey. the matter Spain’s power on the Pacific it has passed in dispute and Britain rules where once her flag held sway. to the two The two commanders long ago have gone governments to their last rest. Majestic steamers ply through these great waterways then barely charted. A noble city bears Vancouver’s name not far from where they held their controversy, he and Don Quadra; and as we look back in time’s perspective, this stands out the foremost for future generations to acclaim, Later ages that these two men each strong in his conviction, shall acclaim not to be swayed from what he held was right, the spirit could thus contend yet hold the even tenor shown by of gentlemanly bearing through it all; Vancouver they and their companies could meet and part and with kindly courtesy, in cordial friendship. Don Quadra. Their sojourn there at Nootka makes a tale, one of the fairest annals of their time. [page 25]
Captain
George
Vancouver
IT WAS the second voyage of Captain James Cook in the RESOLUTION on which the boy, George Vancouver, made one of the ship’s company, really as a midshipman although rated “A.B.” (able-bodied seaman) as was the custom with young gentlemen beginning their career as officers in the Royal Navy. The RESOLUTION accompanied by the ADVENTURE sailed from Plymouth 13th July, 1772, returning 29th July, 1775. Section 2 of the poem deals with Captain Cook’s third voyage. On his way North he stayed at Nootka Sound from the 13th March to the 26th April repairing his vessels, making observations of the Coast and trading with the Indians who became most friendly. He then sailed southward to Hawaii where his vessels cruised around for about six weeks before anchoring in Karakakooa Bay (now Kealakekua Bay), a sheltered harbour on the western side of the Island on 17th January, 1779. He was received with great enthusiasm and honour by the natives, who treated him like a god, prostrating themselves before him as he went about amongst them. He left again on the 4th of February but met with a series of storms. Many of the sails were torn to ribbons and the foremast of the RESOLUTION was badly damaged which made it necessary for them to seek safe anchorage to make repairs. They returned to Karakakooa Bay on the 11th.
Here they were surprised to find that the mood of the natives, before so friendly, had completely changed. The old chief, Kar-re-obbo, was still well-inclined, but other chiefs were exceedingly hostile and had stirred the minds of the people to suspicion and hatred of their white visitors. The culmination came in the tragic happening described in the poem.
In section 4 of the poem years have passed and the boy has become a man. George Vancouver, now a Captain, left Falmouth on this expedition on the 1st April, 1791, with his two ships, the DISCOVERY of three hundred and [page 26] forty tons burthen and the armed tender, the CHATHAM of one hundred and thirty-five tons burthen. The DISCOVERY had a complement of one hundred and thirty-five men and mounted ten four-pounder guns and ten swivels; the CHATHAM had fifty-five men and was also armed. He proceeded southward to the Atlantic, then round the Cape of Good Hope, across the Indian Ocean to Australia and then traversed the Pacific to the western shoreline of the Continent which it was part of his mission to explore from latitude 30º northward.
Referring to the great navigator’s failure to discover the river, Columbia, it is interesting to read this extract from his journal written after he had entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca:
“It must be considered as a very singular circumstance that, in so great an extent of seacoast, we should not until now have seen the appearance of any opening in its shores, which presented any certain prospect of affording shelter; the whole coast forming one compact, solid, and nearly straight barrier against the sea.
“The river Mr. Gray mentioned should, from the latitude he assigned to it, have existence in the bay, south of Cape Disappointment. This we passed on the forenoon of the 27th; and, as I then observed, if any inlet or river should be found, it must be a very intricate one, and inaccessible to ships of our burthen, owing to the reefs and broken water which then appeared in its neighborhood. Mr. Gray stated that he had been several days attempting to enter it, which at length he was unable to effect, in consequence of a very strong outset. This is a phenomenon difficult to account for, as, in most cases where there are outsets of such strength on a sea coast, there are corresponding tides setting in. Be that as it may, I was thoroughly convinced, as were also most persons of observation on board, that we could not possibly have passed any safe navigable opening, harbour, [page 27] or place of security for shipping on this coast, from Cape Mendocino to the promontory of Classet; …”
Referring to the naming of Port Discovery and Protection Island, the Journal has this to say:
“A picture so pleasing could not fail to call to our remembrance certain delightful and beloved situations in Old England. Thus we proceed without meeting any obstruction to our progress; which, though not rapid, brought us before noon abreast of the stream that discharges its waters from the western shore near five miles within the entrance of the harbour; which I distinguished by the name of ‘Port Discovery’, after the ship. There we moored, in 34 fathoms, muddy bottom, about a quarter of a mile from the shore.
“The entrance of this harbour is formed by low projecting points, extending, on each side, from the high woodland cliffs which in general bound the coast; bearing by compass from N. 48 W. to N. 54 W. in a line with two corresponding points from the island already described, lying off this harbour. Had this insular production of nature been designed by the most able engineer, it could not have been placed more happily for the protection of the port, not only from the N. W. winds to the violence of which it would otherwise be greatly exposed, but against all attempts of an enemy, when properly fortified; and hence I called it ‘Protection Island’.
The circumstances in the naming of Puget’s Sound, Captain Vancouver describes in his journal of May, 1792, as follows:
“Late on the preceding Saturday night, or rather on Sunday morning, our other party had returned. It was them we had seen the first evening of our excursion from the island, and they very distinctly saw our fire; but as they did not hear the report of the muskets, concluded it a fire of the natives, not having the least idea of any of our boats being in that neighborhood. They had [page 28] explored all those parts of the inlet we had passed by, and found the three openings we had left unexamined, the first afternoon, leading to the westward, to be channels dividing that shore into three islands; and those we had not attended to on Monday morning formed two small branches leading to the S. W.; the westernmost of which extends to the latitude 47º6’, about two leagues to the westward of our researches in that direction; that in which the deer was shot communicated with the S. W. branch of the inlet by a very narrow channel. They had also passed the opening we had pursued leading towards Mount Rainier; but agreeably to my directions had not prosecuted its examination; the termination of every other opening in the land they had ascertained. Thus by our joint efforts, we had completely explored every turning of this extensive inlet; and to commemorate Mr. Puget’s exertions, the south extremity of it I named ‘Puget’s Sound’.”
The episode featured in Section 6 of the poem took place during the explorations of Burrard Inlet by Captain Vancouver in the course of an exploratory expedition he made with the DISCOVERY’S cutter and the CHATHAM’S launch. Leaving these ships in a bay towards the lower end of the Gulf of Georgia, now known as Birch Bay, on the morning of the 12th June with a week’s provisions in each boat, he proceeded northward past the mouth of the Fraser River and around Point Grey into English Bay. On the inlet he then followed nearly to its head is now located the harbour of the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, called by him Burrard’s Channel, now Burrard Inlet. It was named by its discovered after Sir Harry Burrard of the navy. On the following paragraph from the Journal, this part of the poem has been based and, as will be seen, with imaginative enlargement of detail justifiable by poetic licence. The names of midshipmen are taken from those actually of the two ships’ companies [page 29]although it is not certain that they were members of a party.
“The shores in this situation were formed by steep rocky cliffs, that afforded no convenient space for pitching our tent, which compelled to us to sleep in the boats. Some of the young gentlemen, however, preferring the stony beach for their couch, without duly considering the line of high water mark, found themselves incommoded by the flood of tide, of which they were not apprized until they were nearly afloat; and one of them slept so sound, that I believe he might have been conveyed to some distance, had he not been awakened by his companions.”
The Journal then goes on as follows:
“Perfectly satisfied with our researches in this branch of the sound, at four in the morning of Tuesday the 14th, we retraced our passage in; leaving on the northern shore, a small opening extending to the northward, with two little islets before it of little importance, whilst we had a grander object in contemplation; and more particularly so as this arm or channel could not be deemed navigable for shipping. The tide caused no stream; the colour of its water, after we had passed the island the day before, was green and perfectly clear, whereas that in the main branch of the sound, extending nearly half over the gulf, and accompanied by a rapid tide, was nearly colourless, which gave us some reason to suppose that the northern branch of the sound might possibly be discovered to terminate in a river of considerable extent.
“As we passed the situation from whence the Indians had first visited us the preceding day, which is a small border of low marsh land on the northern shore, intersected by several creeks of fresh water, we were in expectation of their company, but were disappointed, owing to our travelling so soon in the morning. Most of our canoes were hauled up into the creeks, and two or three only of the natives were seen straggling about on [page 30] the beach. None of their habitations could be discovered, whence we concluded that their village was within the forest. Two canoes came off as we passed the island, but our boats being under sail, with a fresh favorable breeze, I was not inclined to halt, and they almost immediately returned.
“The shores of this channel, which, after Sir Harry Burrard of the navy, I have distinguished by the name of ‘Burrard’s Channel,’ may be considered, on the southern side, of a moderate height, and though rocky, well covered with trees of a large growth, principally of the pine tribe. On the northern side, the rugged snowy barrier, whose base we had now nearly approached, rose very abruptly, and was only protected from the wash of the sea by a very narrow border of low land. By seven o’clock we had reached the N.W. point of the channel, which forms also the south point of the main branch of the sound; this also, after another particular friend, I called ‘Point Atkinson,’ situated north from Point Grey, about a league distant.”
The boat partly explored Howe Sound which the explorer named after Admiral Richard Howe, who, as well as his two brothers, took such a prominent part in early American history. It then rounded Point Atkinson and proceeded northward to Jervis Channel (now Jervis Inlet) and was back again opposite Point Grey by the morning of the 22nd. Section VII of the poem celebrates Vancouver’s meeting with Spanish vessels at this time off Point Grey regarding which the journal gives the following interesting account. The friendly spirit evinced on this occasion is in keeping with that later to be noted between Don Quadra and Captain Vancouver and their companies.
“As we were rowing, on the morning of Friday the 22nd, for Point Grey, purposing there to land and breakfast, we discovered two vessels at anchor under the land. [page 31] The idea which first occurred was, that, in consequence of our protracted absence, though I had left no orders to this effect, the vessels had so far advanced in order to meet us; but on a nearer approach, it was discovered, that they were a brig and a schooner, wearing the colours of Spanish vessels of war, which I conceived were most probably employed in pursuits similar to our own; and this on my arrival on board, was confirmed. These vessels proved to be a detachment from the commission of Senor Malaspina, who was himself employed in the Philippine islands; Senor Malaspina had, the preceeding year, visited the coast; and these vessels, his Catholic Majesty’s brig the SUTIL, under the command of Senor Don D. Galiano, with the schooner MEXICANA, commanded by Senor Don C. Valdes, both captains of frigates in the Spanish navy, had sailed from Acapulco on the 8th of March, in order to prosecute discoveries on this coast. Senor Galiano, who spoke a little English, informed me, that they had arrived at Nootka on the 11th of April, from whence they had sailed on the 5th of this month, in order to complete the examination of this inlet, which had, in the preceding year, been partly surveyed by some Spanish officers whose chart they produced.
“I cannot avoid acknowledging that, on this occasion, I experienced no small degree of mortification in finding the external shores of the gulf had been visited, and already examined a few miles beyond where my researches during the excursion, had extended; making land, I had been in doubt about, an island; continuing nearly in the same direction, about four leagues farther than had been seen by us; and, by the Spaniards, named Favida. The channel, between it and the main, they had called Canal del Neustra Signora del Rosario, whose western point had terminated their examination; which seemed to have been entirely confined to the exterior shores, as the extensive arms, and inlets, which had occupied so [page 32] much of our time, had not claimed the least of their attention.
The Spanish vessels, that had been thus employed last year, had refitted in the identical part of port Discovery, which afforded us similar accommodation. From these gentlemen, I likewise understood, that Senor Quadra, the commander in chief of the Spanish marine at St. Blas and at California, was, with three frigates and a brig, waiting my arrival at Nootka, in order to negotiate the restoration of those territories to the crown of Great Britain. Their conduct was replete with that politeness and friendship which characterizes the Spanish nation; every kind of useful information they cheerfully communicated, and obligingly expressed much desire, that circumstances might so occur as to admit our respective labors being carried on together; for which purpose, or, if from our long absence and fatigue in an open boat, I would wish to remain with my party as their guest, they would immediately dispatch a boat with such directions as I might deem necessary for the conduct of the ships, or, in the event of a favorable breeze springing up, they would weigh and sail directly to their station: but being intent on losing no time, I declined their obliging offers, and having partaken with them a very hearty breakfast, bade them farewell, not less pleased with their hospitality and attention, than astonished at the vessels in which they were employed to execute a service of such a nature. They were each about forty-five tons burthen, mounted two brass guns, and were navigated by twenty-four men, bearing one lieutenant, without a single inferior officer. Their apartments just allowed room for sleeping places on each side, with a table in the intermediate space, at which four persons, with some difficulty, could sit, and were, in all other respects, the most ill calculated and unfit vessels that could possibly be imagined for such an expedition; notwithstanding this, it was pleasant to [page 33] observe, in point of living, they possessed many more comforts than could reasonably have been expected. I shewed them the sketch I had made of our excursion, and pointed out the only spot which I conceived we had left unexamined, nearly at the head of Burrard channel: they seemed much surprised that we had not found a river said to exist in the region we had been exploring, and named by one of their officers Rio Blancho, in compliment to the then prime minister of Spain; which river these gentlemen had sought for thus far to no purpose.”
The reference to “young Mr. Pitt’ in Section VIII of the poem, opens up an interesting story and an association that was to prove one of the most painful and distressing in Captain Vancouver’s career.
The first notice we have of him is that when Vancouver went down to Falmouth in March 1791 to join his ship, he found the honourable Thomas Pitt there with his father. He wrote “I found my Lord Camelford here with his family all very well. They had been waiting a few days with some anxiety for the arrival of the ship. I have as yet in course been able to see but little of my young shipmate; however, cannot avoid observing that I was extremely pleased with his appearance and deportment.”
The favourable impression formed by Vancouver at this time unfortunately was not to endure. The young midshipman proved insubordinate and was three times punished by flogging before finally he was dismissed the ship at Hawaii. At that time he was really Lord Camelford as his father had died the year before although this intelligence had reached neither him nor his Commander. He went from there to Malacca where he joined the ESSEX with the commander of which also he got into trouble. He finally arrived home in the UNION.
He had apparently been brooding over his treatment [page 34] by Vancouver for when the latte returned home he at once challenged him to a duel.
Vancouver pointed out that Lord Camelford had deserved the punishments he had received which had been found necessary in the enforcement of discipline but consented to meet him and give him satisfaction if any flag officer after hearing all the circumstances of the case should consider that such was due to him. Lord Camelford refused to submit the case to this test and more than once attempted to cane his former Commander publicly in the streets. The latter appealed to the Lord Chancellor for protection and the former midshipman as bound over in a sum of money to keep the peace. His subsequent career shows that he was a man of ungovernable temper. He was once fined £500 for violence in attacking a man in a theatre and he was court-martialled on the charge of murdering a brother officer. In the end he was killed in a duel with one of his best friends which he forced upon the latter much against his will.
Vancouver has been blamed for great harshness in his dealings with young Pitt, but it would appear that there was probable justification for the punishments he imposed.
In reference to the boat party under Johnstone, it returned safely and in high spirits having discovered a passage through to the ocean by Queen Charlotte Sound, now to be known as Johnstone Strait.
The following is Vancouver’s own account of the proceedings on his arrival at Nootka and the reception accorded him there:
“As Senor Quadra resided on shore, I sent Mr. Puget to acquaint him with our arrival, and to say that I would salute the Spanish flag, if he would return an equal number of guns. On receiving a very polite answer in the affirmative, we saluted with thirteen guns, which were returned, and on my going on shore, accompanied by some of the officers, we had the honor of being [page 35] received with the greatest cordiality and attention from the commandant, who informed me he would return our visit the next morning.
“Agreeably to his engagement, Senor Quadra with several of his officers came on board the DISCOVERY, on Wednesday the 29th, where they breakfasted, and were saluted with thirteen guns on their arrival and departure: the day was afterwards spent in ceremonious offices of civility, with much harmony and festivity. As many officers as could be spared from the vessels with myself dined with Senor Quadra, and were gratified with a repast we had lately been little accustomed to, or had the most distant idea of meeting with at this place. A dinner of five courses, consisting of a superfluity of the best provisions, was served with great elegance; a royal salute was fired on drinking health to the sovereigns of England and Spain, and a salute of seventeen guns to the success of the service in which the DISCOVERY and CHATHAM were engaged.”
The negotiations between the two commanders were lengthy and involved, but were concluded in the manner described in the poem without any real unpleasantness in spite of the completeness of the break down. [page 36]
The Indian
These white men come to trade and for our furs give guns and blankets and knives and tools of iron and rum that makes our stomachs burn and sweet molasses thick and sticky. They come from o’er “the lake of stinking water” in big canoes with monstrous, bellying sails full of great wealth in weapons of war, axes to cut with and vessels for cooking, rare coloured cloths and curious ornaments. Sometimes they treat us fairly, ofttimes no. Greatly they prize our skins of the sea-otter of which they rob us when they get the chance, mistreat our wives and make our children slaves and shoot with fire on us in our canoes. So, do you think we will not seek revenge? and put them to the torture till they die? and take their goods for our enjoyment? [page 37]
The
White
Slaves
of
Maquinna
I
ON a clear calm night in March of Eighteen-three, the good brig, BOSTON named for her home port in Massachusetts out from England last, dropped anchor close off shore at Nootka Sound The ‘Boston’ to take in wood and water. Captain Salter anchors off had sought the place because it was reputed Nootka the natives here were friendly; King Maquinna welcomed the white man’s ships and loved to barter. Next morning early ere the sun was high, the sea still misty and the sky a mournful grey, he came in his canoe, a stalwart escort with him, Maquinna to bid the Captain welcome, welcome to his country, comes out in and climbed up over the side, a savage noble of bearing his canoe with skin of coppery hue where not dyed a bright vermilion. with some His eyebrows were lined with black making the face look grim of his men although the eyes themselves did not seem evil; the nose underneath them was Roman and the whole expression was hawklike. A cloak of the sea-otter fur shapely and rich fell to his knees and was belted with cloth of the country made from the bark of a tree and wrought with intricate markings. He wore his black hair in a knot tied on the top of his head and glistening all over with oil. It was covered with curious down, white as the mountain snow presenting a striking contrast. [page 38] His men not so stately of bearing wore cloaks of a similar fashion but their dress it was simpler and plainer, their mien was more modest, like children they gazed around them gaping in awe and wonder at all they saw in the ship.
[illustration]
[page 39]
II
I WAS the ship’s armourer, John Jewitt, from Hull in England, just turned eighteen; my first voyage, these my first savages too. John Jewett, Maybe you think I was thrilled the ship’s to have them gather about me armourer, there as I worked at my forge tells how the clanging my hammer on anvil natives watch making weapons of war. his forge (Maquinna had gone with the Captain to sample a bottle of rum.) These showed the liveliest interest in watching me pounding away or blowing the fire with my bellows. Their dark eyes glistened with pleasure to see the sparks fly from the coal; and their faces were happy and friendly. Some knew words of English and spoke them again and again like children proud to show off. And in the few days that followed, as soon as they came aboard, down they would come to see me and never wearied of watching. So they all learned to know me. Lucky for me in the sequel that it was so as you’ll see. [page 40]
III
THAT was a happy ten days for us all. The mouth was March but in the middle the days were sometimes bright and sunny, not lion like at all but mild and pleasant. the wind no doubt at times was biting, keen Jewitt tells bearing the tang from distant, snow-capped hills how the crew that reared their lofty summits in the east; enjoyed but it was freighted too with the soft breath the days at of nearby forests, balsam, spruce and pine, Nootka and smooth-barked cedar, such a tonic fragrance that it was like an elixir to inhale and made my young blood thrill with ecstasy. The Indians brought us salmon; you may guess after our long sea diet of pickled pork and hard ship’s biscuit what it was to feed on such fine fare. We stretched our legs ashore and laid in wood and water. All went well. We gave the natives presents; they in turn brought us their gifts, such as they had, in kind and all went pleasantly but for one incident that rather marred the harmony through then it seemed to pass without much ill effect. [page 41]
IV
I WAS down in the cabin. I heard the sound of angry voices, Captain Salter and Maquinna. The King had just come aboard and brought us gifts nine pair of wild duck, a welcome offering and a generous. Down they came and I could hear —— Captain Salter the King was speaking, and Maquinna his voice was hard and loud: have a “The gun you gave,” he said, “is peshak; falling out the gun is worthless, take it back I do not want it.” With an oath the Captain seized it from him, flung it down to me and to the King he said; “You dirty liar, what is this you say? That I would give you something that was bad? There, John, the clumsy brute has smashed the lock and puts the blame on me, ungrateful wretch, so do you try to mend it if you can.” ‘Twas plain the King well understood the tenor of the Captain’s angry plaint and felt a keen resentment. Not a word he spoke but he was dark with rage; for I could see his face contorted and working strangely while with his right hand he rubbed his throat repeatedly and then his bosom as if to try to quell the mounting passions that sought to vent themselves. But then they turned to go on deck and left me — left me with the broken gun. [page 42]
V
NEXT MORNING dawned serene; the sea was calm and bright the sunshine for the sky was clear. The tree-fringed shore was beautiful for the sky was clear. The tree-fringed shore was beautiful nearby. The dark-green foliage ringed with yellow sand Maquinna and rose in a solid wall behind the beach his men visit backed by the distant snow-capped peaks. It was the ship and a scene to soothe the eyes for peace and gladness; make merry seaward were dotted here and there canoes of natives fishing; one or two were moored beside us floating idly on the tide with our own longboat, for their dusky owners had come to trade with salmon in the morning and idled on the ship curious as children. Before they came aboard we always searched them to see they had no arms. For this precaution the Captain made the rule. Just after noon Maquinna himself arrived from Friendly Cove. A small flotilla manned with chiefs and braves accompanied him. They moored and came aboard. The King himself seemed in a joyous mood. He wore a mask of wood grotesque and weird in semblance of an eagle’s head; in hand he held a wooden whistle. This he blew and set his men a-dancing to its tune upon the deck with curious, antic capers that won our hearty mirth. The grizzled tars grinned and clapped hands applauding; while above the Captain from the quarterdeck looked down smiling approvingly upon their sport. [page 43] It was indeed a novel scene and gay —— the six-foot chief proud in his rich attire, his black sea otter robe revealing legs daubed with vermilion on their copper skin, this hideous mask bird-beaked upon his head; around him on the deck his painted men, cutting their capers with loud shouts and chanting, making the still air vocal with their song; and then the seamen in their tarry togs taking their ease and looking on amused, some with indulgent smile, some laughing loud according to their bent but merry all. And I, but yet a youth, surveyed it too in wonder and elation that to me should come such luck as to have part in it. In all my boyish dreams of bright adventure I had not pictured aught so rare as this; John surveys and as my thoughts went back to home at Hull, the scene that peaceful seaport with its gabled streets delighted and steepled churches and its masted docks, its quiet countryside of field and farm with cattle feeding by fair English streams, I called to mind my comrades of the town, these boys I played with, could they see me now, how they would envy me my happy chance. Maquinna ceased his piping and the dancers, wearied and scant of breath, desisted too and squatted down upon their hams. The King then joined the Captain on the quarterdeck and asked of him when he had planned to leave; (I stood close by and so could overhear.) “Tomorrow, Chief,” the Captain made reply, “I weigh my anchor for by now you see I have my wood and water all aboard, my men are rested and their bellies full of your fine salmon which we have enjoyed [page 44] for which we give you thanks.” Maquinna smiled —— his mask was doffed and lay upon his knees an unseen one there was that hid his thoughts —— he smiled well pleased and bowed acknowledgement: flattered apparently he was to have The Chief his gifts so valued and he spoke again: suggests to “You like the salmon, why should you not take the Captain a-plenty with you? Why not send today that he set his your men to Friendly Cove to fish for them?” men a-fishing The Captain seized it for a timely thought. for salmon He called the mate to learn what he should say before he and took brief counsel with him. Then replied weighs his “All right, my King, I think your plan is good. anchor We shall have dinner first and then the mate will take the jollyboat — and the yawl as well and nine men with their fear to catch the fish and you shall show them how and we shall see what goodly share of spoil their sport may bring.” Just then he turned and caught my longing eye: no doubt my pleading face was eloquent. “Aha, my boy!” he laughed and shook his head. “I know quite well what you would wish to ask. The Captain You’d like to go a-fishing too. No, no, consents but you’ve idled long enough, I think, today John is not and you must earn your wages. Don’t you see allowed to go I owe a duty to the men I serve, my owners down in Boston, for they look to me to guard their interests and to make due profit on the voyage? So get your dinner and then down to the steerage to your vice-bend.” [page 45]
VI
CLINK, clink, clink went my hammer on the anvil the smith may work and let his thoughts go roaming: Clink, clink, clink, he may dream as any man will when left all alone; and mine went a-homing. Clink, clink, clink, I could see my father’s face John while working when the day’s work ended, we all sat down to meat, at his forge as reverently he bent his head to say a grace, lets his thoughts thanking the Lord for what we were to eat. fly to England Clink, clink, clink, by a cheerful necromancy there came before my vision other faces that were dear —— merry faces of my schoolmates —— I could see them all in fancy as I played with them in Donnington but only yester year. Clink, clink, clink, —— What was that? my thoughts came back with lightning swiftness to the scene around me —— my vice-bench with the tools that lay about it, the steerage, its interior dimly lighted, the polished wood now here and there relieved with shining brasswork, — and its salt-sea smells —— strange noises overhead of shouts and blows; dull thuds and heavy scrapings on the deck chilling my blood with fear. Upstairs I ran [page 46] convinced the savages had seized the ship. But scarcely was my head above the hatch He hears a when I could feel a rude hand grasp my locks —— strange thus was I lifted from my feet and hung hubbub over-head and in mid air for brief space —— my hair being short finds the ship the silk that tied it slipped and so I fell has been seized right back again all down the steerage stairs by the savages and as I dropped received a glancing blow that gashed my brow and took away my sense. How long I know not ——but I did come to and tried to rise and fainted yet again. Then I was waked to consciousness once more by three tremendous Indian yells of hate that seemed to freeze my blood. A wave of terror swept over me, a sickness as of death —— for death I thought was near. And then the yells changed to an exulting triumph song. I saw the hatch above me had been closed and guessed that I was held for torture; worse than death might be my lot for I had heard dread tales told by a member of our crew of deeds done by the red men to their prisoners, skinning alive and burning at the stake and worse than these too terrible to tell —— tales that came thronging to my palsied mind as now I lay and listened. The hatch was drawn. Maquinna’s voice came down, —— I knew it well; “John, you come up;” and I must needs obey. Maquinna Groping my way I staggered up the stairs, calls to John my vision blinded by the blood that ran to come on down from my wounded scalp and faint with pain deck and terror for the frightful fate I feared faced me. The King, who saw my sorry plight, bade a young brave bring forth a pot of water and wash the clotted blood from off my face so I could see. And what a sight was there! [page 47] Six naked warriors with their daggers raised still drippping from the gore of my late shipmates to plunge into my breast. I raised my eyes in silent prayer that God accept my soul and waited to receive their strokes of death, but then the King advanced within the circle and stood before me. “John,” he said, “I speak, do not say “no” to me, for if you do, these daggers drink your life blood and you die; but you must promise true to be my slave; for all your life to work and do my will, to fight my battles and to make me spears and guns and knives for use against my foes: then I shall spare you.” I could but assent. What else with death the grim alternative? And at his bidding kissed his hands and feet He is saved to show submission; and as there I knelt by the the brutes about me clamoured for my death intervention and shook their weapons with such show of rage of the King it looked as if the King could not prevail to save me where I crouched low at his knees from these red daggers; and they argued loud that for their safety’s sake I needs must die so there would be no witness of their deed, the taking of the “Boston” and her crew, to bring the white man’s vengeance by and by. Raising his head with proud and lofty mien the King spoke quietly, calm before their wrath, and made them see he meant to have his will; so, soon with sulky looks they ceased their threats and I could tell that for a time at least my life was safe. Yet in the swift revulsion of feeling following and the chill March air —— for I had doffed my jacket for my work —— I shook as if with ague; and it seemed, for pain and weakness I must faint away. [page 48] This the King noticed and he brought a cloak, —— the one the Captain wore, from out the cabin to fling across my shoulders —— rum to drink right from the Captain’s flask and this revived my drooping strength so I was fit to bear the dreadful ordeal placed upon me now. Straightway he led me to the quarter-deck and there were ranged in rows upon the planking —— a girsly sight that was for years to haunt me —— He is shown the heads of my slain shipmates marred and gory. one by one, These one by one were lifted up to show me, the heads of the Captain’s first —— and I was made to tell the crew and the name of each and what was his degree made to tell among the crew —— it was a ghastly task. the name of each Some I could hardly recognize at all —— and as they passed before me in review, these my late friends, so hearty and so hale an hour or so before, I could but wish that I had perished with them, so at peace I would not then be facing such a fate, a mournful vista down the weary years —— which now stretched out before me, as a slave to these wild savages of Nootka Sound.
[illustration]
[page 49]
VII
I AM the Prince Sat-sat-sok-sis, son of that great king, Maquinna of the Indian tribe of Nootka, twelve years old when next moon cometh. Wondrous things have lately happened —— The King’s all our people are so merry —— son tells of we have triumphed o’er the white men, the joy of his taken their ship and brought it home here, people over killed them all and cut their heads off, the capture all but two whose lives were spared them —— of the brig spared to be my father’s bondmen. John the young one, O I love him! He is good and he is clever, skin so white and hair all shining, soft and shining in the sunlight, eyes so blue just like the ocean, hands so king and strong and supple. He has made me rings and armlets, brooches, earrings forged from copper, bracelets burnished like the sunset. And he combs my hair out daily, makes me wash with river water, wash to keep my skin all cleanly, sweet and fresh so “Wocash, Tyee,” well the people may acclaim me when I come to dance before them, I, the King’s son, Sat-sat-sok-sis of the Indian tribe of Nootka. John prays to his own Quahootze, whom he calls his Great White Father. [page 50] and although my skin is yellow I must worship too and fear him, for he loves the little children whether they are white or yellow —— so John says and I believe him. Once I went with John and Thompson —— Thompson is the other white slave, sire of John but not much like him —— he is cruel and I hate him —— to the lake outside the village where they prayed to their White Father from a book of sacred writings. And I took knelt down beside them for he is my Father also —— this John says and I believe him. So you see the days are merry for our happy Indian people. We are strong and we are mighty for we triumphed o’er the white man. But I think John is not merry He tells of though he’s brave and does not show it —— John’s sadness never when among my people; but with only me beside him, sometimes he looks pale and lonely and his eyes are sad with longing for the sight of his own loved ones. Then sometimes I sidle closer, lift my hand up to caress him for I know he is not happy and I hunger to console him. Then he puts his arm around me and I think he feels less lonely. He is kind and so I love him, I, the little Sat-sat-sok-sis, son of that great king, Maquinna of the Indian tribe Nootka. [page 51]
VIII
I WAS the sailmaker of the ship, John Thompson, of Philadelphia, U.S.A. saved from the slaughter of the crew, by the good offices of Johnny Jewitt, Thompson who said I was his dad so they might spare me tells how the and so they did. Well, if I had a son Indians were I had as lief that it were John induced to for he’s a decent boy spare his life and has his wits about him —— gad! ‘T was like a play to see him rush to hug me and slaver all my nose and beard with kisses, me an old sea dog that has served the king as boy and man for seven and twenty years, sailed under Howe and fought the Frenchies and never willingly would look at woman since from my mother’s apron string at eight years old I ran away to sea as cabin boy aboard a grimy colllier. And the old chief and all these greasy, smells savages stood gaping look on nor did they know just what to make of it. John vowed he’d die if I, his poor old father was not spared, and moaned and wept and wrung his wretched hands. I could have laughed to split my bloomin’ sides and yet the youngster’s cries and groans and tears were done so natural and seemed so real, damned if they didn’t make me ‘pipe my eye’ and there I sniffed and slobbered down his neck just like that prodigal’s sire in Holy Writ [page 52] until the very savages were fooled with our play-actin’ an’ they spared my life. But many’s the time I wished they had not done so not all that blasted, bare-legged tribe of his would have availed to pluck the bastard free before the bloomin’ breath had left his body never to enter it again. Aye, aye, but there was John to think about; and John had still his life before him and was all for getting free again and sailing home and for the boy’s sake I must needs be prudent, so swallow all the insults that the King heaped upon me his bondman, but now John he was the “white-haired laddie.” Did not that little nipper, Sat-sat-sok-sis follow him round just like a silly puppie, and sleep in his bed at night? The queen heaps on his plate her choicest dainties of putrid seal or salmon. To them he’s welcome for all of me. I laugh to see his nose turn up disgusted while he tries to feign appreciation of the loathsome morsels. Faugh! just to live with such a filthy rabble and be their slave, it fairly turns my belly so I could spew! To think that I must bow and stoop to do the will of such as these and prostitute my trade of making sails to shape a cloak for this mad, savage king and court his favour like a lordling’s lackey! Indeed, it were far better to be dead. [page 53] If there were not the Sunday for our surcease I never could abide it. Now this John —— he has his wits about him I have said —— He tells how and he’s as good’s a pardon —— had the guts John and he to tell the King that we must have our worship spend their must walk apart for prayer each weekly season —— Sundays at nor did the old Maquinna say him nay. the lake And so we go with Bible and with prayer book on the Lord’s Day as John has marked it down to a small lake from Nootka not far distant but where the yellow heathen never come. There we sing songs of praise and read the Book and make our prayers in quiet to the great Captain that from our bondage he will set us free. I never was no saint —— no not John Thompson —— my lips more apt for cursin’ than for prayer, so says to John, “The Lord will look askance to see me on my marrow bones before him. He’ll say, ‘young lad, you keep foul company, to bring along a pirate such as he, soiled with the stains of rank iniquities, to join in your devotions,’ he’ll have none of you.” But John he’d only smile his quiet, slow smile and gravely shake his head and softly say: “He walked with fishermen and humble folk, —— Peter and James and John loved them well vile as they were with sins and sordidness, why should he not love you?” And so in sooth I companied with him and sat there attentive and listened reverently while he read —— and there were passages now and again and how they words of the Master healing and heart warming, read the scriptures that seemed to have been spoken just for me and prayed and they would nestle deep within my mind that God and linger there like snatches of a song would save them to comfort me with their recurring strains. [page 54] John read of Jesus walking on the water and how He made the winds and waves obey him and healed the sick, recalled the dead to life, and of that shipwreck miracle of St. Paul wherein he brought the sailors safe to land and nary a one was lost. And then the Psalms of old King David —— now there was a man that sure was kin to all our joy and sorrow, had words of cheer and wondrous consolation that seemed to fit the case of John and me. At first, I laughed and scoffed and teased the boy but after that first Sunday at the lake I never jeered no more for I believe and how in that had it not been for the blessed peace this way and rest these hallowed seasons brought to us, they were the sense of trust and hope and quiet communion, sustained in with the supreme All Father, our Creator, their affliction we could not have endured our dreadful lot, the pain and fear and hardship that was ours through the long months and years that were to pass until that fateful day that brought us freedom.
[illustration]
[page 55]
IX
LONG were the days for me; wearily they passed the chiefs were kind but not the common folk, who while we lived saw danger to themselves if any ship should come. Even King Maquinna, The King for all his kindness, kept a jealous eye decrees that to wean me from all wish to leave the tribe John must and so decreed I must wear Indian dress marry or else and wed an Indian wife. Not all my pleas suffer death could aught avail to turn him from his plans —— he said ‘t was that or death, the choice was mine. And so I deemed it were the lesser evil that I should marry; and I gave assent to his decree. Then was he greatly pleased and granted grace that if I could not find amongst his folk a maiden to my mind, then I might choose one from some other tribe and he would back my suit with all his power. [page 56]
X
I, EUSTOQUA, the King’s only daughter, the King, Upquesta, chief of the A-i-tizzarts, now relate what did befall me. The sun in the Western sky was sinking, Eustoqua sinking towards the water relates the and in the golden river of its ray, arrival of lo, dark against its brightness, visitors we saw approaching two strange canoes. In a brief space the beach whereon I stood and where before there had been none but children become a-throng with all our folk, who ran out from the lodges and the woods that lay behind them. Many raised hand to eye that ‘neath its shading they might better scan the strangers in the offing. Were they friendly? Or did they come as foes? My father bore his arms, he and the other chiefs and all the men; and some did shake them, testing their weight, feeling the fineness of edge or point with a fastidious finger. The women pointing and chattering flitted here and there with frightened scutterings; but not for me, the daughter of the chief just turned seventeen, to show my fear although within my bosom my heart beat faster and a faint trembling fluttered my limbs as I stood motionless gazing to seaward. But they were not foes in the canoes for as they nearer drew we saw they were our Nootkanneighbours. [page 57] with whom we had no cause of strife or quarrel. Some time at rest they lay upon the bay; and when he knew their quest was friendly, my father sent Apala as his messenger to bid them all a hearty welcome and summon them ashore to sup with us. Then in our lodge there was great stir preparing the meal; my mother let me stay to see them land; so there I waited among the throng upon the sands, my cousins and other maidens standing by me. Maquinna first whom I had seen before, a noble figure of a chief, stept lightly on the shingle. Next Sat-sat-sok-sis, his son, the Prince and then the white slave we had heard of. We were all curious just to see him She describes for we had heard such marvellous things the white that he could do, the weapons he could forge captive who and rings and bracelets fashion out of copper accompanied and how he won the hearts of little children, them he was so kindly with them and so gracious and made so many of the people love him —— when now I saw him I could understand it. Nor did he look a slave but walked erect and gazed about him fearlessly as if he were a chief; his face with shining fairness; his hair, not black, but sunny and golden, round his temples curling soft and lustrous. He wore his curious, awkward, paleface clothes; right after him came forty Nootkan braves, and ten remained behind in the canoes wherein we saw were laden handsome gifts in furtherance of the purpose of their visit which we were soon to learn; nor did I yet know what a fateful thing [page 58] it was to prove for me. They marched up from the shore right to our lodge, my father led the way with Chief Maquinna and I was fain to follow and to enter with all the throng; this was a thrilling hour, a ceremonial visit. We must await and here assembled all would learn its cause and list what these our friends had come to say with fitting dignity and grave attention. My heart beat fast. Curious I was to know what was their quest and I was conscious too of some new gladness I could not explain, rapture that swelled within me not unmingled with subtle pain poignant and penetrating when thinking of the pale face I had seen or greatly daring stealing furtive peeps, that face so lovely like the moon for paleness, that face I knew would haunt me in my dreams.
[illustration]
“Sat-sak-sok-sis
His son, The Prince.”
[page 59]
XI
TO BE forced against one’s will to mate, it is a fearful fate but I was young and life was dear —— as an alternative there was death to fear. How I felt my courage rise again once more John Jewitt as our canoes came nearer to the shore, set out to by the force of fifty paddles spurning seek a bride the blue waves and the foam churning to seek the village of the A-i-tizzart race. It was nigh sundown when we reached the place and ushered by their chief we were assembled in his lodge with his tribe. No wonder I trembled when told to look about me and choose my bride! There was a comely maiden by the chief’s side, modest of mien and winsome with a charming face lighter of hue than all the others and the grace of modesty and kindliness were kindled there; soft were her eyes and she had long, black hair of such a softness, her form lissome and straight like a young birch tree. Here might be a mate that one could learn to love. With hope anew my heart was lifted up; unwilling I drew my eyes away lest I should seem to stare at her alone among the maidens there; candidates unwitting were they all arrayed before me; and I too was on parade for it was plain they looked intent on me with a fixed, solemn gaze and I could see not only all the women but each brave [page 60] had eyes for none but me. Maquinna’s slave, whose fame to all the tribes around had spread, who had wondrous skill making weapons, ‘twas said. I looked to right and left beneath the curious stare of all assembled there. Maquinna, I was aware sitting beside me was watching closely too to see what I would do. There was a hush upon the throng and in my nervousness the time seemed long; but of all the maiden faces there there were none that could with the first compare I caught her eyes, one fleeting glimpse and when she turned them shyly down, why then it was I knew my choice was made and pointed her out to Maquinna. He said “You have chosen well. She is good as she is fair Maquinna and the King’s daughter. Now must I do my share approves his to buy her for you to become your bride.” choice and Then he arose at my side presents gifts and took me by the hand before them all and made me stand in the midst in front of Upquesta; and then he gave the sign for those of his men who were waiting outside, to bring the gifts to cast at the feet of the king. With haughty mien they strutted down the hall, bearing the cedar chests with them while all kept silence; and they laid them down before Upquesta, each with a forbidding frown He then asks as if they hated what they had to do for the and would have greatly liked to curse him too, maiden in (such is their curious custom.) All the throng marriage for rattled their spears and shouted long and long, i acclaiming the gifts, and made the rafters ring lauds his with cries of “Klack-ko, Tee! thank you, Good King!” skill and goodness Then when the clamour had somewhat died [page 61] Maquinna with an air of great dignity and pride explained our mission, introduced me by name and told of the manner in which I came to be his servant; how though of different hue I was as good as any of them; wiser too in many ways for I had wondrous skill working with metals and at my will could make from them daggers, harpoons and knives, vessels of iron to delight their wives and also the most delicate ornaments and rings fit for a chief’s adornment. So many things there were I knew, more than he could tell, about the countries I had travelled; and well I knew the heavens, could call the stars by name. Then he told how good I was —— I blushed for shame; how even the children loved me and his son, the little Sat-sat-sok-sis was never done in speaking of me; how all day long the boy would chant my praise like the chorus of a song “John this,” “John that” and would follow me around just like a second shadow on the ground devotedly. In short Maquinna said so priceless was that he would keep me always till I should die; and now when going to settle down in life most wisely I had decided to take a wife, so here tonight many leagues across the water had come to ask in marriage the King’s daughter, whose budding beauty held my heart in thrall. He said these gifts were mine and all of them I laid here at Upquesta’s feet, weapons and skins of matchless fineness meet to purchase such a bride. With accents slow Upquesta and faltering first till speech began to flow first refuses Upquesta made reply and all his people cheered. and then First with a long harangue he said he feared consents he ne’er could part with such a paragon. [page 62] as this same daughter, her his only one and loved so dearly; but in the end he gave consent, called me his cherished friend and hoped that I would ever be kind to his Eustoqua. So would he be resigned to bid her farewell; and as for her dower I could take my gifts back, the skins for her bower and the weapons to guard her; and then two slaves he would give, two young men to cut wood for our household, catch fish for our table as it was his wish she should never be hungry or cold. Now the half of it cannot be told of the feasting that followed that night; The visitors but our party were off by daylight, depart for Maquinna, his son and his braves home taking with me and my bride and my slaves; the bride and swiftly homeward we glided along with them as the paddles kept time with our song. [page 63]
XII
I HAVE sent her home, my wife with her babe. In weakness and pain from cold and privation I am nigh unto death. Forced by Maquinna John tells of to wear Indian clothing his separation and to work in the woods from his wife cutting fuel for his fires. Hungry and naked, soon must I perish. She is good and kind, faithful and tender; but if I should die, who will befriend her? Here among strangers, far from her kindred, why should I keep her? I have sent her home, Eustoqua, my wife; she has passed from my life to return to her father. I shall see her no more; and I stand on the shore in weakness and pain, in sickness and sorrow, with no hope for the morrow. Forth into the dark night her canoe fades on my sight. [page 64]
XIII
TO PART from my loved one, ‘t is torment and pain; now I’ve left him for ever ne’er to see him again! For the lodges of Nootka Eustoqua’s Song sink low on my sight; and swiftly the paddles bear me far from delight. Why in life need I linger now its glory is fled? From my white love I’m banished and my spirit is dead. But his child’s at my bosom, his babe’s on my breast, shall I faint ‘neath the anguish? shall I fail at the test? No, the papoose I suckle shall bid me to live; all the love that was John’s now to him will I give. But the mem’ries I cherish shall not dim with the years; nor his image e’er perish though blurred by my tears. [page 65]
XIV
ALL HEALTH and vigour have gone out of me. I crawl along the beach crippled with pain. Naught can I eat and scarce can sleep at night. I would that death which seems so near might come. Sick and suffering, Poor Thompson’s case is nigh as bad as mine John longs for rheumatism has got its grip on him. for death Today I saw a sight that made me sad: An Indian slave had died in dreadful torment; And when the breath had barely left his body his callous master dragged it down the sands He is and tossed it carelessly into the breakers depressed by to pass out on the tide. This, I reflected seeing the in a brief season will be my fate too, body of a unmourned and unattended to be flung, dead slave food for the fish to feed on, whilst my folk cast into will never know at home what has befallen me. the sea My faith in God has hereto been my stay but in my pain and weakness even this now seems to fail me. Sweet was the surcease when every Sunday we could seek the lake, Thompson and I, and hold our solemn service but now we’re both too weak —— O for a ship and liberty! or death with ease from pain! [page 66]
XV
MAQUINNA, when he saw that there was danger I should die, allowed me to resume my European dress; and with proper warmth and nourishment my health began to mend With the and hope of freedom once again revived within my breast; resumption Then Thompson too could walk again and I could not but feel of European clothes, that God who had most marvellously saved us from despair; John and Thompson and had put it in Maquinna’s heart to spare our lives thus far, improve in health might in the end restore us if it pleased his sovereign will. [page 67]
XVI
ONE DAY working at the anvil, I and Thompson making daggers by command of King Maquinna, heard the heavy boom of cannon sounding loud across the waters, A ship round the shores reverberating. at last arrives This was what we long had wished for, that a ship would come to take us, and my heart’s tumultuous beating filled my breast with wild commotion, panic fear with hope contending. Soon the natives crowded round us at the forge where we were working, crying out with frightened clamour that a ship was in the offing. But we both kept right on working for we dared not show our feelings. Then came running King Maquinna crying, “Have you heard the tidings?” Taking time before I answered, I kept pounding on the anvil, feigning but a fine indifference to the purport of his question for we dared not show our feelings, John dared not voice our heartfelt longings declares his to return to home and kindred. unwillingness “Would you like to go aboard her? to visit the ship go aboard and see the ‘Bostons’,*
* This was the name used by the Indians for American traders as their ships usually hailed from Boston. [page 68]
who have come here in this vessel?” asked the King, his keen eyes watching, puzzled by my dogged silence, “No, indeed,” at length I answered, “I have learned to live among you, learned to fish for whale and salmon, learned to hunt the great sea otter, and to face the mighty she-bear rearing with her cubs behind her, flesh my spear within her bosom. Why then should I want to leave you? leave this favoured land of Nootka, where the fish are never failing and the woods are full of berries, where the lean, lank wolf of famine, never lurks around your lodges? If I go aboard the vessel, these my countrymen would take me, take me back among the white men, wash the paint from off my body, dress me all in formal garments, cramp my limbs to my discomfort. No, I will not board the vessel. “That is good,” said King Maquinna. “Go aboard yourself,” I urged him, “and this ship will make you welcome. but advises They are here for trade and barter, Maquinna seeking skins that you can sell them, to do so precious furs of seal and otter; and they have no thought of vengeance, none at all,” I thus assured him. “All right, John,” he answered quickly, “I will go aboard this vessel; but first you must make a writing just for me to give the captain, telling him to make me welcome [page 69] for the kindness I have shown you ever since you came among us. He’ll be glad then to receive me and to trade for my sea otter, plenty rum and sweet molasses, blankets, guns and shining bracelets all to make us rich and happy.” “That I shall,” I promptly answered, John writes tore a sheet from out the notebook a letter to that I carried in my tunic the Captain and I straightway set about it at Maquinna’s while the King sat grimly watching— command and my trembling fingers faltered, trembling as they held the pencil, just as if I had the ague. Then I read the letter to him, read it over not as written but as if it gave the message in the words himself had spoken. And the tenor of my story was of widely different purport, for I told the captain plainly he must keep Maquinna captive, hold him hostage for our safety. Setting out our situation and the substance of its peril, I assured him he could save us if he would but do my bidding. ‘Neath Maquinna’s scrutinizing as I handed him the letter, I could feel the hot blood flushing in a flood right to my temples— he had treated me so kindly that it hurt me to betray him— but I put a bold front on it, luckily my face was painted [page 70] so to hide the telltale blushing of the red stream that protested this duplicity I hated. Yet in such dire plight of peril it was justified I reckoned. Then the King, still hesitating, still in doubt, once more to try me, “Won’t you come with me?” he questioned, but I hastened to make answer that I had no wish to do so; and with this he seemed contented. So he straight dissolved the council saying, “This affair is settled. My canoe, be swift to launch it. I shall go. Your King has spoken.”
[illustration]
[page 71]
XVII
SO MAQUINNA arrived with his war canoe, bravely manned with its royal crew under the lee of the LYDIA lying at anchor with her house flag flying Maquinna on the lazy waters of Nootka Sound, is conveyed a brig from Boston now homeward bound. to the ship Her kindly skipper was Captain Hill, he had veered from his course with right good will taking the risk of the redskins braving, in the hope of Maquinna’s captives saving. He welcome the chief with a hearty hail— and is but the crew were all mustered around the rail, welcomed by with weapons at hand so should need arise Captain Hill they would not be taken by surprise. The afternoon sun shone bright and fair; balmy and fragrant the summer air blowing soft on the surface of the sea, freighted with breath of flower and tree from the forest of green that fringed the sand ‘neath the purple peaks so lofty and grand outlined sharp ‘gainst an azure sky. The prospect was fair to the Captain’s eye and as he surveyed the ravishing scene, he thought of the BOSTON that might have been still afloat with her master and crew, alive to enjoy these pleasures too. Maquinna climbed up o’er the LYDIA’S rail— his men’s dark hints had had no avail— Proud was his look and his eyes were bright [page 72] as he stepped on the deck with naïve delight. There was something hard in the Captain’s smile, a wryness of lip, a tenseness the while he read the letter the King presented but he shook his hand as if he meant it and ushered him down at once below to his cabin snug where a goodly show of biscuits and bottles and crystal bright seemed ready prepared for the guest’s delight. The Captain offered the Chief a chair, who straightway sat down with a satisfied air feasting his eyes in expectation, but not for long was his spirit’s elation; for into the cabin with faces grim five sailors filed surrounding him and there was a pistol cocked and ready in the captain’s hand held true and steady to plant a ball in Maquinna’s breast Maquinna if he showed resistance. Then heavy hands pressed is made upon his shoulders and held him fast prisoner and shackles of steel on his wrists were cast while his ankles were bound with an iron chain. Resistance was futile, to struggle was vain. The captured chief did not cringe nor cower when he found himself in the white man’s power, but he faced his foes with a courage innate believing that death would be his fate. ‘A life for a life’ was his tribal rule, ‘Who spares his enemy is naught but a fool. He is always a danger until he is dead.’ “You are my prisoner,” the Captain said, “I shall hold you here till you restore the white men, your slaves on yonder shore, those who were spared of the “BOSTON’S” crew, all done to death by your tribe and you.’ The terms seemed too good to be true to the chief, [page 73] such clemency seemed almost past belief; and when Alana, his sub-chief was brought, he told him the trick whereby he had been caught He commands and he sent ashore his royal decree that John and that the two white captives should be set free Thompson and brought to the ship without delay. be set free The message proclaimed this the only way to rescue him now from the white man’s power that ha ta’en him by guile in an evil hour. [page 74]
XVIII
ERE LONG we saw them coming back the men—but no Maquinna with them and from the folk around me rose John relates a chorus of distressful sounds, how the subdued at first but rising fast, canoe returns, grunts from the men and women’s wails, but without for in the paddlers’ drooping mien, Maquinna they sensed that there was something wrong. The big canoe soon reached the shore. With downcast eyes the men leapt out and stood dejectedly at bay before the crowd that sought to know why had they come without the King? They replied that their chief was in chains and ‘John had wrote bad of him,’ so the Captain was holding him hostage for the safety of Thompson and me. The people Then there was more howling and tears are told and women were tearing their hair. what has The men were all arming with spears happened and some of them threatened me sore and vowed they would cut me in bits or hang me up by the heels to burn me slow o’er a fire or would bind me fast to a tree and strip me and skin me alive. But I felt I had little to fear with Maquinna held hostage on board [page 75] for they would not endanger his life by the killing of Thompson and me. Then the chiefs made the rabble keep quiet and bade me to tell them why their King had been treated this way. Did I think he was going to be killed? I assured them they need have no fear if they would but do as I asked to let me and my comrade go free. In that case their king would be safe. No harm would come to him at all. First they must send over my mate; and this they were willing to do, so I saw the sailmaker embarked Thompson and carried off safe to the ship. is sent over I was heartened to see him go to the and to know that at least he was free. “Lydia” My own fate was still in suspense but I asked those around me to say just what they proposed now to do. They argued together a while, then Alana, the sub-chief replied. A “paper-writing” I must make to the Captain on board the brig and bid him to send a boat with five men aboard and no more, who should bring Maquinna ashore. As soon as his foot touched the land, then I should leap into the boat and be carried back safe to the ship. John reflects Then all would be peaceful again. the plan But I pointed out this would not do proposed for for the Captain would never consent exchanging him for to endanger his boat and his crew but offers one by venturing close to the beach, of his own since he knew what had happened before [page 76] to the BOSTON and all her men, my shipmates whose lives had been lost by trusting to them and their Chief. I proposed they should launch a canoe and man it with three stalwart braves and put me forthwith in the prow to carry me out in the bay within easy hail of the ship. Then I would the Captain call and ask him to send a boat with Maquinna on board out to us, so we could make an exchange, their loved chief for me midway between the ship and the shore. All the trouble would then be past. To this they were soon agreed. Three of them brought the canoe. Lightly I leapt to its prow. They were used to seeing me armed He is and forgot I was wearing them now— embarked in my dagger that hung at my side a canoe with and my pistol stuck in my belt— three Indians while they had their paddles alone. Softly we skimmed o’er the sea. Exultant I looked at the shore, watching its outline recede, the faces grow smaller and smaller, faces of foes full of fear, fear for the fate of their Chief and of hate for me as its cause. With my back to the ship I could feel the nearer and nearer we drew. The faint summer breeze fanned my cheek, the throb of the waves seemed to croon of freedom and friends and of home, fair faces I loved far away, [page 77] in this perilous time of stress, these visions passed through my brain. We were soon within hail of the brig and the paddles had ceased to play, soon motionless lay the canoe. Now I knew that the time had come, and when I must act but my courage was cold. they come near My limbs had grown suddenly numb the “Lydia” and my lips dumb with craven fear he forces them as sometimes in a dreadful nightmare; to take him but I put up a prayer to God right up to to grant me my manhood again the ship and straightway my strength was restored. From my belt then my pistol I drew and threatened the men whom I faced, now sitting there irresolute. I bade them pull up to the ship or suffer an instant death. They were taken by sore surprise and showed no resistance at all but were fain to obey my behest and paddled right up alongside. So then behold me climbing o’er the rail He goes and welcomed heartily by Captain Hill, aboard and then after him by all his kindly crew. is welcomed Thompson, whom I had hoped to see on deck, by the their hospitality proved too much for him Captain and now he lay dead drunk in the hold lost to the world. Indeed, he had succumbed, almost as soon as he had come aboard, to his potations; and thus Captain Hill could get nor rhyme nor reason out of him. So I must needs relate our stirring story from the beginning to him; and his wrath was fanned to fury as my tale went on. [page 78] He vowed to hang Maquinna out of hand for the fell massacre of all our crew. Had I not showed him what great provocation from men of our own race the King had suffered and pointed out he lived by different standards than such as he or I; and truly told how he had saved my life and that of Thompson, had shown us numerous kindnesses as well, he would have done so; then he said at last he would be guided just by what I wished and thus would guard himself from any blame. [page 79]
XIX
MAQUINNA brightened up at sight of me when I went down with Captain Hill to see him and cried out “Wocash, John!” I must confess to something of a shock to see the chief in chains. John visits He, who had lately been my master Maquinna even to the power of life and death, in the cabin now sat before me with our rôles reversed shorn of his liberty and pride. Nor did it cause me any exultation to see him humbled thus before me; and I made haste to ask the Captain’s sanction to strike the irons from his hands and feet, the which I said it would be safe to do. I told Maquinna we would spare his life but he must now surrender all the spoils that he had ta’em ashore from off the BOSTON, so that we could restore them to her owners; and when his people brought those all aboard, then he would have his freedom and could go. He tells Darkness was now descending. ‘T was too late Maquinna tonight to bring them off but on the morrow his life will this could be done. The King was much distressed be spared at the delay and begged that through the night I would remain with him and this I did. For despite my assurance he was frightened the Captain still might punish him with death. His simple mind trained in the savage standard, ‘an eye for an eye’ could scarcely comprehend [page 80] such clemency as promised. All night long he did not sleep nor would he let me do so, reminding me how he had stood my friend when all his tribe were clamouring for my death. So o’er and o’er again I strove to quiet him until at length the cheerful morning came. And then I hailed his men and straightway bade that they must bring the various things aboard, cannon and anchors and the BOSTON’S papers, my trunk and Thompson’s and my precious journal. When this was done Maquinna would go free. So, two hours later all had been restored. Maquinna’s war canoe came out to get him with sixty otter skins for Captain Hill, a present from the Chief in recognition that he had spared his life. And when at last, the Captain told him now that he could go, the chief jumped up in ecstasy of joy and drew the royal mantle from his shoulders— four of the choicest skins it took to make it— to give his liberator; and the Captain with generosity not to be outdone, gave his own hat and topcoat to the Chief, who showed great satisfaction with the gift. The Captain also promised to Maquinna to come back later on within the year and do some trading with him and his tribe. Then Maquinna turned to me, Maquinna deeply moved as I could see. says Down his cheeks the big tears fell ‘good-bye’ as he faltered his farewell. to John Strangely too I felt the parting nor could stay my own tears starting as he begged me to come back— nothing ever should I lack— [page 81] he and his held me so dearly. It was plain the rail he lightly stept, and down among his warriors leapt, who bore him swiftly to the shore, o’erjoyed to have their king once more. Soon the little Sat-sat-sok-sis came out in his tiny shallop, just to take his farewell also. And he climbed aboard the vessel, Sat-sat-sok-sis climbed up o’er the rail to greet me, comes aboard took my hand in his so shyly, to take hid his face against my tunic, farewell could not speak he felt so deeply. also In his eyes the tears were starting. I, too, deeply felt our parting. In my arms I quickly raised him, kissed him softly on the forehead; and he whispered, “Wocash, Tyee;* wocash, John,” he whispered gently. On the deck then soft I placed him; but he slipped from out my fingers, slithered nimbly to the water where at rest his shallop floated, seized with haste his tiny paddle, sped in silence swiftly shoreward. Thus the little Sat-sat-sok-sis and his father, King Maquinna of the valiant tribe of Nootka, passed from out my ken for ever.
*“Wocash”, exclamation of welcome and approval.
“Tyee”, Prince. [page 82]
The
Narrative
of
John R.
Jewitt
The White Slaves of Maquinna is based on the “Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt, Sole Survivor of the Ship BOSTON During a Captivity of Nearly Three Years Among the Savages of Nootka Sound with an Account of the Manners, Mode of Living, and Religious Opinions of the Natives”. This was written by Richard Alsop and published in Middletown in 1815. It was an extension in narrative form of “A Journal Kept at Nootka Sound” by John R. Jewitt, printed for the Author and published in Boston in 1807. 1807 was the year that Jewitt landed in BOSTON in the LYDIA, the ship that rescued him from his captivity and he lost no time in having his notes put into print as may be seen. He settled down in Massachuesetts and eight years later Richard Alsop wrote the Narrative form of the particulars of the captivity supplied to him by Jewitt. The latter made his living by travelling around the country selling this story of his adventures. It proved most popular and appeared later in numerous editions and in other forms and once in a broadside entitled “The Poor Armourer Boy, A Song”.
As ethnological material it has proved most valuable because of the excellent and carefully detailed account of the natives and their habits, manners, customs and dress that are contained in it. The Indian Chief who captured the BOSTON and made slaves of Jewitt and his companion was the same Maquinna who was Chief at Nootka when Captain Vancouver visited there in connection with the Treaty. Their acquaintance was inauspiciously begun as the Journal recounts although later the Chief entertained the Englishman and a certain degree of harmony was established. The opening contretemps Vancouver describes as follows: [page 83]
“Maquinna, who was present on this occasion (the arrival at Nootka), had early in the morning, from being unknown to us, been prevented coming on board the DISCOVERY by the sentinels and the officer on deck, as there was not in his appearance the smallest inddication of his superior rank. Of the indignity he had complained in a most angry manner to Senor Quadra, who very obligingly found means to sooth him; and after receiving some presents of blue cloth, copper, etc., at breakfast time he appeared satisfied of our friendly intentions: but no sooner had he drank a few glasses of wine, then he renewed the subject, regretted the Spaniards were about to quit the place, and asserted that we should presently give it up to some other nation; by which means himself and his people would be constantly disturbed and harassed by new masters. Senor Quadra took much pains to explain that it was our ignorance of his person which has occasioned the mistake, and that himself and subjects would be as kindly treated by the English as they had been by the Spaniards.” [page 84]
[blank page]
[illustration]
SIR GEORGE SIMPSON
“We are de fur traders an’ we make
our highways o’er de rivièreand lake,
our moving home de frail, birch bark canoe; . . . “
[unnumbered page]
The Voyageur
We are de fur traders an’ we make our highways o’er de rivière and lake, our moving home de frail, birch bark canoe; mos’ time it carries us, sometime we bear it too for when de rapides are too swift to run we make portages. Always we toil from sun to sun so hard, so hard de precious furs to bring safe to de Fort, then by gar, we laugh, we sing. We no care now for perils that are past, de rapidesdangereux, de shrieking tempest blast. Non, non, forgotten all dose troubles of de trail when we make beeg revel in de grande regale. ‘T is then, de voyageur he feel like king an’ he dance, he fight and do mos’anyt’ing! [page 85]
Mackenzie
From
Canada
By Land
I
WE LEFT Fort Chipewyan the Eighth of May at seven in the evening in our bark canoe, just twenty-five feet long inside, Mackenzie an easy burden for two men to carry. and his Three thousand pounds of load aboard her, voyageurs provisions, guns and all our baggage embark and ten made up our party, on their seven Company men besides myself search of proven loyalty and courage for the and then two Indians to interpret for us Western Sea and hunt for game along the way. Ere we set off my people offered prayers that we might safe return; and those we left behind to hold the fort were moved to tears when bidding us farewell, knowing the dangers that we well must face on this wild journey now embarked upon, to cross the mountains to the Westward and seek a passage to the sea. [page 86]
Mackenzie
From
Canada
By Land
II
THIS Canyon of the Mountain of the Rocks through which the mighty Peace flows down tumultuously to pierce the foothills of the Rockies, Mackenzie deploying with its floods upon the plains, describes it nearly brought our enterprise to naught. their passage Some Indians we had met clearly told us through the that to ascend it was impossible; Canyon of but we assayed the task. From side to side The Mountain of the great stream manoeuveredskilfully, of the rocks our fragile craft bearing its heavy burden we forced to stem the current. Near the outset ‘t was crushed against a rock with shuddering force, broken and swamped but yet we pulled it forth and made repairs and dried out all the cargo, again consigning to the angry waters that sought to sweep us to destruction. And now we passed ‘twixt walls of beetling cliffs, three hundred feet above the river’s bed that hindered from our course the sun’s bright rays and shrouded us in shadow and in gloom. By dint of almost superhuman effort we passed along from island unto island while up above, the Indians and Mackay looked down upon our struggles apprehensive that any moment we might meet disaster amid the maelstroms of the raging torrent. And now we used a sixty-fathom towline to pull our craft against the stream and I myself climbed up the cliff, [page 87] thinking that from its height I might direct the struggle with advantage; for from here the stream with all its whirls and rips and eddies and hidden rocks lay clear within my ken. But when I shouted down at the full pitch of my voice to tell them they must lighten the load in the canoe if they would have her live, the sound was lost in the river’s roar and the ceaseless din of its seething waters. O to watch them thus in their desperate strife as they fought with the flood, walking with uncertain footing when one false step must be fatal, straining at the laden craft when the rope might part at any moment bringing our voyage to swift disaster and be helpless to aid or guide them, was to suffer terrible torment. Nor was the danger from the stream alone; large rocks were ever hurtling from its cliffs and falling around them in potential death. Later the frail canoe was wrecked again and yet again we patched its broken sides. The day has been a day of direful toil and titan struggle. Now, thank God, it’s over; and here we rest upon a stretch of beach. And as we sup before our driftwood fire, our aching limbs relaxing in its glow that dries our dripping garments and we taste its pungent, acrid smoke within our nostrils, there comes a sense of comfort and of peace. The evening shades are closing in about us. Here as we thus recline we look on high o’er to the banks upon the other side [page 88] and mark outlined against the darkening sky, a peaceful group of elk are quietly grazing The sight of unmindful of our presence. And we feel some elk here in the desolation of these unknown wastes feeding on not near so solitary as before. the bank A subtle, soothing sense of solace comes —— opposite to these are our fellow creatures and our kin them brings ‘dreeing their weird’ too ‘neath the Creator’s ken, encouragement whose providence thus far has brought us through. Cheered by the thought of His pervading care, I fortify my soul to meet the morrow.
[illustration]
[page 89]
Mackenzie
From
Canada
By Land
III
TODAY as usual I went on ahead Mackay, my foreman, the two Indians with me; and we climbed up above, Mackenzie while the canoe and party down below climbs away made progress of their best along the stream. from the Laboriously at last we reached the summit river and only to find more hills that cupped us round loses touch and so we came back down unto the river with the and gave the signal that we had agreed on canoe party two musket shots, to which no answer came. Thinking they were ahead we hurried on taking a short cut through the woods to cross the loop that there the river made and struck it higher up where we could see a long, straight reach ahead. Still no canoe and still our signal brought forth no reply to gladden our straining ears. On, on again we marched till noon and fired two shots once more with no result except to wake the echoes that mocked us. So then I went back to where we first had signalled; and there I found my men had retraced their steps four miles but had seen no sign of our lost comrades. So Mackay and Cancre, the Crab, one of our Indian hunters, I sent back down the stream while we, the other Indian and myself, [page 90] went forward. The heat and fatigue and the clouds of mosquitoes and flies that plagued us each foot of the way made us ready to faint in our tracks. At last overcome with fatigue we were just making ready a bed of branches whereon we might rest when we heard musket shots to our rear, first one, then another, then two that seemed to be farther away. But I was not minded to move and was ready to camp for the night —— in spite of the hunger and cold that vexed us —— but not so the guide, who was not as spent with fatigue, and he begged and implored me with tears to return down the stream. So at last I yielded myself to his will. Thank God! for his way was the best. Just at nightfall we heard a halloo in answer to ours. Then ere long we came within sight of a fire; and there were our friends safe and sound and there on the bank, the canoe. Soon with food and a jorum of rum the trials of the day were forgot. [page 91]
Mackenzie
From
Canada
By Land
IV
AFTER all our toil and danger what a joy it was to find ourselves on a large navigable stream on the west side of that great range that perhaps might take us to the sea. But such hopes were ill-founded They find for some Indians that we met a stream told us it was impassible flowing with swift rapids in many places westward and high cliffs and rugged mountains besides fierce tribes that would murder us. But we learned that we might pass over land They hear of to a river running westward a practicable and a trail led out from this way to the sea that would take us to the sea, that “lake of stinking water” as styled by the Indians. I was eager to attempt it but my men were faint-hearted, unwilling to follow me. They feared the hostile tribes through which we must pass and they were anxious to return. I secured an Indian guide Mackenzie and then I called my men to council finds a guide and put the case before them when they all agreed to follow me. For I told them most earnestly that if they refused to do so I should still go on alone to seek a passage to the sea. [page 92]
[blank page]
[illustration]
From the painting by John Innes
ALEXANDER MACKENZIE RECORDS HIS GREAT ACHIEVEMENT
“I set my name, writ large, upon a rock
in characters of bright vermilion:
‘Alexander Mackenzie from Canada by land’.”
[unnumbered page]
Mackenzie
From
Canada
By Land
V
WE WENT back up the river, Tesse Tatouche. The Indian tribe to which our guide belonged took fright at our return and all had fled; The guide and then, he too, infected by their flight takes fright departing followed them into the woods and runs and thus it seemed was gone beyond recall. away My people, they completely lost their nerve. They thought the tribes would surely ambush us and we would all be massacred; and so they wanted forthwith to turn back again. Mackenzie’s Our canoe was quite unfit for any use men wish so that we had to build a new one. to return The men talked sulkily behind my back which I pretended not to know about. Then finally I let them understand that I was cognizant of all their thoughts; but I would have them frankly speak their minds and open up their plans. Yet as for me, but he lets my course was set and my decision fixed them know that I would journey onward to the sea. he is But still the work progressed with the canoe determined and soon it lay complete beneath our hands to proceed and then to my great joy the guide came back. He said that now his folk were friendly to us and he was willing still to lead our way. [page 93]
Mackenzie
From
Canada
By Land
VI
NEXT DAY we buried some of our provisions, pemmican, rice and other food supplies; and our canoe we set up on a staging They cache covering it safe from damage by the sun. provisions Then off we set upon our woeful walk and lay up of nigh three hundred miles to the sea the canoe, each man bearing his pack then set out near a hundred pounds on his back. afoot for the This was the Fourth of July Western sea in “Seventeen-ninety three” and ere but fifteen days had passed though marching on short rations suffering much from cold, meeting with the various tribes who gave us help or hindrance, according to their several dispositions, we had traversed to the ocean. The Indians on the coast were far from friendly we dared not linger long among them. So on the twenty-second of the month we turned our faces eastward towards home hoping to reach the Fort ere winter closed. Before we went, for a memorial, I set my name, writ large, upon a rock in characters of bright vermilion: “Alexander Mackenzie from Canada by land” and gave the date as well for all to see. [page 94]
Alexander
Mackenzie
ALENXANDER MACKENZIE was the first white man to cross the continent north of Mexico. He was a native of Stornoway and came out from Scotland to Canada while a young man and went into the fur trade. When only twenty-four years old, he was sent to take charge of the district of Athabasca for the North West Fur Company to relieve Peter Pond, one of partners. Here from Fort Chipewyan he explored the river now bearing his name which flows out of the Slave Lake and followed it about two thousand miles to its mouth in the Arctic Ocean. He travelled in a birch bark canoe with five men to man it. He was disappointed that it did not bring him out to the Pacific as he had hoped. That was in 1789 and it was in 1793, four years later, that he made his celebrated successful attempt to reach the Western Sea which is subject of “Mackenzie from Canada by Land.”
He was a man of fine physique and indomitable will and was possessed of high intelligence which qualities made possible his great accomplishments. He went back to England in 1801 and published an account of his Voyage. Here he was knighted for his distinguished achievements. He returned to Canada and attained to high influence in the activities of the North West Fur Company. He also entered politics but did not find it much to his taste. In 1808, he went home to the land of his birth and purchased an estate where he lived until his death in 1820. [page 95]
The Explorer
I penetrate to tracts unknown, following the course of great rivers and the shores of large lakes, finding the passes through the mountains. With sextant and compass I labour, making maps for others to follow that the world’s waste spaces may become populous and fruitful [page 96]
The
Great River
of the West
Koo-koo-sint
I
I
CONSIDER David Thompson now, David bred in Westminster, England, Thompson of humble stock taught in the Grey Coat School joins the a charity foundation, and from there Hudson’s Bay apprenticed to the Hudson’s Bay, Company a seven years’ term, and sent to Canada. Behold this tender lad of just fifteen arriving at Fort Churchill and from thence sent with two Indians to York Factory, a walk of just a hundred and fifty miles in that bleak, desert region of the North and there he stayed a year. Then next we find him away out west trading along the far Saskatchewan. Then fraternizing for the Company’s weal among the Blackfeet and the Piegans, he spent a winter in an old chief’s lodge, near where the town of Calgary now stands, and learned a great deal of the Indian ways and how to win their favour and their trust. He then took up the task that was to be and starts the life work he would follow his great for the next nigh on to thirty years, work of to explore and to survey this virgin tract exploration its rivers, lakes and mountains and its plains and slavery in which he travelled fifty thousand miles with compass and with sextant making maps and opened it to settlement and trade: his was a realm of wide expanse and wonder, [page 97] the Kootenay Country and the Pend d’Orielles —— where live the Indians of the Pendant Ears —— and the Columbia River’s mighty basin, that mystic, fabled River of the West. From the headwaters down its winding flood, he was the first to follow. Ardent soul, this David Thompson, great geographer; of finer fibre than the common clay, wise with the natives, winsome in his ways, courageous, strong, and like the Christ in heart.
[illustration]
[page 98]
Koo-koo-sint
2
THE WAYS of destiny are strange indeed as one looks back on life, past human probing. David Thompson We struggle on for years toward our end recalls how and meet with naught but hindrance and frustration opportunity until at last like pieces in a puzzle, came to him events arrange themselves in favouring form the road is opened up which we may pass towards the dear aim of our hearts’ desiring. ‘T was so with me in “eighteen-six” and “seven,” when I was sent to Rocky Mountain House with full instructions thence to cross the mountains and push the North West Company’s trade beyond. It was a time of progress and achievement. A friend of mine soon followed the Coast the river Fraser which now bears his name —— that was up Northward, ‘way there in the South Lewis and Clark had crossed from the Missouri and paddled down the Snake to the Columbia, by which they traversed right out to the ocean. But in between there lay a mighty empire which was my oyster and I opened it. Our way was by the North Saskatchewan —— Lewis had had a brush with Blackfeet braves and all the tribes were on the trail for war and this had drawn the Piegans to the South and left the passes open through mountains. I took my wife and children and MacDonalds and with some half-breeds made the great adventure. and he sees Then when at last, after great pains and struggle, water that we reached a rivulet flowing to the west, flows reverend I prayed “May God in His great goodness, westward give me to witness where there waters join [page 99] with the great sea and come safe home again.” From thence we travelled on by toilsome ways to the headwaters of that tortuous river, the great Columbia and we built a fort He describes on its precipitous bank above the water the building stockaded on its landward sides with fir, of old that was Old Kootenay House of dear repute, Kootenay the first fur-trading post on that famed stream, House a place where I spent many anxious days. For ‘t was not long that we were left in peace. Twelve Piegan Indians camped before the gates, and how the ere yet the fort was finished; one month more Piegans saw twice as many others pitch their tepees encamped at beside them; and we lived in constant fear his gates, they would attack and kill us one and all. but depart Though food was scarce I dare not let my men after a time go forth for hunting so we went on rations and for our water nightly when ‘t was dark two kettles to the river we let down. Then suddenly one day our foes had gone and yet we dare not count the peril past for shortly after, two more Piegans came, Then Piegan stalking in stolid fashion to the gate. spies come At once I took them in, showed them around to visit and pointed out the strength of our defence, the stockades and the bastions with the loopholes pierced in the walls through which to fire our muskets. “We know,” I said, “that you have come as spies. Your tribe intends to put us all to death He sends back but many of you first shall fare afar with them a to the great hunting grounds for which you yearn, warning as your passage sped by bullets from our guns well as gifts and those of our good friends and allies.” Then here I pointed where two Kootenay braves who, also come to visit us that day, stood glaring fiercely at their Piegan foes. [page 100]
[illustration]
From the painting by John Innes
SIMON FRASER FOLLOWING THE GREAT RIVER TO THE SEA.
“A friend of mine soon followed to the Coast
the river Fraser which now bears his name. . .”
[unnumbered page]
[blank page]
“We shall not die you may be sure. This you can tell the chiefs who sent you here. But still to show my goodwill I shall send, rich gifts for all of them which you shall take. For KootenaeAppee, who was once my friend, a pipe of porphyry red and richly carved and six feet choice tobacco and for each of those the lesser chiefs, a fourth as much that all may smoke in kindly love and peace.” I then dismissed them with an anxious heart and his and forthwith all that host, three hundred braves enemies who had assembled twenty miles away depart with purpose firm to fall upon our fort, they vanished as by magic on the morrow. Let Kootenae relate how it befell.
[illustration]
[page 101]
Koo-koo-sint
3
I, KOOTENAE APPEE of the Piegans, chief, had never wished for war with Koo-koo-sint*. He was my friend these many summers gone Kootenae when we were camped by the Saskatchewan, Appee tells (he spent a winter with us in the tent how the tribes of old Saukamappee,) a white man true, assembled who always kept his word and could be trusted near Kootenae and he would hearken well to all my tales House and loved to hear me talk. Why should I now bent on its go out with other chiefs and seek to kill him? destruction And this I asked of Big Nose and Tall Feathers, who thirsted for the blood of Koo-koo-sint He himself and all those who were with him at his fort. pleads for I said to these two chiefs and to their braves: peace “How can we smoke to the Great Manitou and put up prayers that he will prosper us if, without warning, we swoop down to kill these friendly folk with whom we are at peace now ten long summers?” But my words were vain, the chiefs and all their braves cried out for war their chatter, first like pebbles in a pan, became a deafening clamour without sense like sound of many waters in my ears till I was forced to yield unto the fools. So here we were encamped three hundred strong but is and we had sent two spies to Koo-koo-sint overruled to see how best to take him by surprise and learn the strength or weakness of the post. Now these had safe returned and we were met, all the war chiefs in council to confer; and as the envoys, standing in our midst, gave their report we lent attentive ear. [page 102] But when they told how they had been received, The envoys how Koo-koo-sint had shown them o’er the fort, present their his high stockades and bastions and his guns, report to the and promised that if we should take their lives War Council full many of us first must needs be slain, the faces around me fell; frowns of dismay and the distorted features that before were calm; Chiefs are and when the spies told how our ancient foes, filled with the Kootenay Indians would defend the fort dismay and help the white men and they showed the gifts of choice tobacco Koo-koo-sint had sent, a clamour rose, “What can we do” some cried “with such a man as this? why these our women cannot e’en mend their shoes but he will see, this white man who wins wisdom from the stars!” There was a sudden pause ere Big Nose spoke: Big Nose “With my sharp knife,” he said, “I well can cut through tents to stand and kill my enemies and so I have done and I still would do; but these strong walls of wood no ball will pierce with men behind them, who have been my friends and whom I cannot see, I do not like them! I go no further!” and he took the pipe, declares that wondrous pipe that Koo-koo-sint had sent, against war all colours like the rainbow in the sky, and filled its bowl full with the fragrant weed and handed it to me and I did smoke and the and all the others, one by one, they followed Pipe of Peace from hand to hand this pipe of peace went round. is passed Then by the break of day we folded tents around and tribe by tribe, each slipped off silently; and I rejoiced that Koo-koo-sint sat safe. He was my friend and liked to hear me talk, there away North by the Saskatchewan, and he would hearken well to all my tales, which ‘t is well known, is love’s true testament.
* The Man Who Looks at the Stars, the name the Indians gave to Thompson.[page 103]
Koo-koo-sint
4
HO! a great man that David Thompson! I took the trail with him on that wild trip, One of the Piegan Indians they were after us Thompson’s and we were forced to find a different route men describes out of the mountains to transport our furs how the to save them and our own dear skins as well —— Great Divide I’ll take my oath it was no picnic party. was crossed One long detour of nigh four hundred miles by way of the through such a country as you never saw Athabasca of mountains, streams and miry muskeg swamp Trail and fire-swept lands criss-crossed with fallen trees almost impassable for laden beasts, we made the Athabasca in a month of constant struggle. And our food was short for game was scarce. Not far from Brulé Lake the guide advised us that it was too late to take out horses through the mountain trails. We sent them back to Rocky Mountain House, all but just four we kept to help the dogs and make their burdens lighter. Now the cold was biting keen at “thirty-two below” with sometimes wind as well to make it worse and we made shift to build a shelter rude of logs inside of which we set to work contriving sleds and snowshoes for the trail. That took us near a month and then again we set off bravely up the river’s bed, urging the dogs along its icy face with whip and voice for their encouragement. Five days and we had reached the meadowed pools where the great Athabasca has its source, and beyond which there is no pasturage. [page 104] Here we forced to turn the horses loose to find their sustenance as best they might and climb the mountains with the dogs alone. It took us four days more to reach the summit They and what a desolate, awesome sight we saw. arrived at Ranging all ‘round about us lofty peaks the summit snow-clad and roseate ‘neath the Westering sun shimmered in shining splendour; on our right a mighty glacier lay whose eastern face showed a sheer drop of full two thousand feet. Nearby below upon the mountain side we could descry where some great avalanche had shorn the tree trunks with its mighty stroke to leave a piteous travesty of stumps, all equal length like bristles in a brush, where once a forest flourished. ‘T was a scene to chill the heart with loneliness and dread; the men are and as we gazed around upon this sea appalled by of mighty mountains rising wave on wave the solitude far in the distance and then turned our eyes one on another, such a forlorn band of pusillanimous pigmies, then our hearts seemed turned to water, all our courage dead. The air was still but should a wind arise, the snow that clothed the slippery slopes above might thunder down in fearful avalanche and bury our whole band in one grim grave. With a long Three of our lads had trimmed a slender pole pole they with which they pierced down through the yielding snow pierce down full twenty feet or more yet found no bottom, through the then pulled it up again. We looked with awe snow, but to into that hole, our faces tense and strained, their great aghast and staggered by the stunning thought alarm they of all that depth between us and the ground cannot find and still no contact with it. Words of dread any bottom we spoke of it in accents of dismay [page 105] with mien of deep dejection and despair. A sturdy, stock figure joined our group, our leader, David Thompson. He had watched our operations and had overheard our colloquy of fearfulness and awe. Here I should say in justice to us men that of our courage we had given our proofs in days gone by. If now we lost our nerve we were not normally a coward crew and I were blithe to fight the man who said so. But he, our leader, had a kindly way —— Thompson he never spoke with harshness or reproach gently and all of us would follow him through fire. reproves their Now he spoke softly glancing round the ring: fear and his “What matters it, Jules Tremblay, that you find own serenity no bottom to the snow beneath our feet, restores their since we have snowshoes and can stick on top courage with greatest ease and walk about on it? Just look you here in this deep hole you’ve made, what a remarkable phenomenon I’ve never found before! See, by degrees how this same snow that ‘frights you changes hue, grading from darkest blue below to green of purest emerald here at the top. My lad, this earth is full of wondrous things to charm our fancy and to lift our thoughts to the Creator, who designed it all; and since we know that we are in His hands we should not ever show ourselves afraid.” Serene and calm his mien, assured his voice, it was the scientist spoke, the man of God, with the trained mind and understanding heart, who with his vision clear and quiet faith was kept immune to sublunary fears. We looked and listened; and somehow the scene, before so lone and desolate and drear [page 106] all in a moment lost its sinister air, the mountains seemed more friendly, less forlorn and we could face the future and fare on with quiet assurance to our journey’s end. That night so brightly shone the stars above, it seemed I might have touched them with my hand; In the Then in the morning we were up betimes, morning they and with new hope and courage in our hearts, resume their harnessed the dogs and started down the slopes journey with that led to the Columbia’s mighty bed. hope renewed
[illustration]
[page 107]
David Thompson
DAVID THOMPSON was born in Westminster, England, in 1771 and was educated at the Grey Coat School. He was apprenticed to the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1784 but changed over to the North West Fur Company in 1797 as the former Company did not look with favour in his exploratory work and wanted him to give that up and devote his energies to trading alone. He worked with extraordinary thoroughness and has been spoken of as “America’s greatest geographer.” Besides his great work in surveying the North West he was occupied for ten years from 1817 to 1826 in the survey of the international boundary line from St. Regis, Quebec, to the northwest angle of the Lake of the Woods. He died at Longueuil near Montreal in 1857 at the age of eighty-six, and, notwithstanding the great services he had rendered, his last years were lived in poverty.
It is interesting to note in connection with the discovery of the Kootenay country (to use the present spelling) and the building of Old Kootenay House, that on 30th August, 1922 the old trading post was reproduced by the erection of a David Thompson Memorial Fort at Lake Windermere, B.C. In connection with this, an appreciation of the explorer as Canada’s Greatest Geographer by his biographer, Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, F. R.S.C., was written and printed for the occasion.
In this Appreciation he makes the following striking reference to the crossing of the mountains by the Athabasca route:
“Frequently the Thompson parties were in danger from hostile Indians. Indeed, to get his furs out of the mountains after he and his people were threatened with extermination, he was compelled to use an undesirable [page 108] route. In 1807 he came in to the Kootenay country, Idaho and Washington by way of the Saskatchewan and Howse Pass. In 1811 he had to abandon the Saskatchewan route and get out by way of the Athabasca, at the cost of a journey which, for perils and escapes, surpasses anything invented by the most romantic writers. The detour was about 400 miles. Roughly, it meant going by the Grand Trunk Pacific instead of by C.P.R., with the difference that the furs had to be taken four hundred miles down the Athabasca up to Lake la Biche, one hundred miles north of Edmonton, and thence down the Churchill River to Cumberland House.”
[illustration]
DAVID THOMPSON MEMORIAL FORT
H.E. WHITE
[page 109]
The
Great River
of the
West
II
An Indian Pilgrimage
I
I AM Heeokstekin* of the Nesperees** tribe and when I was a boy I can remember a Flathead visitor to my father’s lodge Heeokstekin telling a wondrous tale. tells about There to his village recently had come a visitor a band of roving Iroquois far travelled o’er the mountains and the plains from Coughnawaga Mission near Montreal. Their leader, “Old Ingnace,” a noble chief honoured the white man’s God, whom he declared had died to save us all who has and now He reigned on high in power and might; a strange and He was greater far than all our Gods. tale to relate Yet He was pitiful and tender, more prone to pardon than to punish, loving the white man and the red man too,about and caring naught for the colour of the skinthe white so long as the heart was clean.man’s God As I lay listening upon the ground before the fire, I saw this Flathead’s eyes, there as he talked, glow with a kindling flame Heeokstekin’s of fervoure’en my boyish wits could sense father that showed he too now loved the white man’s God returns with and was His loyal followed. He talked, the visitor to my father listening eager to such end the village of that on the morrow ere the sun was high the Flatheads they left together for the Flathead’s village.
*Means “the rabbit-slin-leggings.”
**Contraction for Nez Percés [page 110]
An Indian
Pilgrimage
2
THAT WAS now twenty years ago my father learned to love the white man’s God Heeokstekin and so did I and others of our tribe and his people and many of the Flatheads too. learn more These Iroquois had wondrous tales to tell about the which from the “black robes” they themselves had heard —— “black robes” white men who served this Saviour whom they worshipped, whose hearts were loving and whose deeds were kind, who set no store by furs and sold no guns but gave and wanted nothing in return even as they said their Master taught them. And as the years went by our love grew strong The people and we would fain learn from the “black robes” too long to know all that they had to tell; and old Ignace more and are said if they knew we wished it they would come told that the and dwell among us; nor would distance daunt them “black robes” nor danger by the way of savage tribes if they knew nor raging torrents, nor of desert suns, would come arrow by night or noisome pestilence —— to teach them all these they held as naught when call of duty bade them go forth bearing His joyful tale.
[illustration]
[page 111]
An Indian
Pilgrimage
3
SO WE set off, a group of us —— mounted on our fleetest ponies in the spring when the sap was flowing —— A group made Flatheads and Nesperees, up from the on the long, long traverse, two tribes to St. Louis, that great city, go off where we might find the “black robes,” to tell the those servants of the Great Spirit, “black robes” who would come to teach our people their need and tell them about their Lord. And O the lakes and rivers, and O the weary mountains, the hunger and the thirst Heeokstekin and the fear of the fierce foes describes the who ambushed us by night difficulty and and dogged us in the daytime, dangers of the heartaches for home, the journey the longing for our own folk, that made our spirits heavy as we journeyed without flagging to St. Louis, that great city and we reached it at last —— but not all who set out —— alas not all who set out! For three died by the tomahawk, and tells of two were drowned in a rapid, those who a she-bear killed another died en route whose cubs he had frightened, and but four of us arrived at St. Louis that great city to search out the “black robes” and make known of our quest to them and the hope that we cherished. [page 112]
An Indian
Pilgrimage
4
WE NEVER knew there were so many people in the world; and all the wonders that we saw Heeokstekin I have not words to tell of them. describes Our hearts that ever had been brave their feelings now turned to water at such sights of wonder as we beheld them; and our feet and loneliness used to the soft ways of the wild in the were weary on their streets of stone, great city those endless streets that stretched so far —— our ponies we had long since lost —— We walked as strangers; as we passed and their the people turned their heads to stare. satisfaction O we were lonely, we were sad at reaching but we were hopeful too and glad their journey’s end that our long journey now was done and we might find these “holy men” and learn more of our Saviour Lord. [page 113]
An Indian
Pilgrimage
5
DID WE find the “black robes?” Yea and they took us in, They find the warmed us and fed us “black robes” and washed our torn feet. and are They bound up our bruises hospitably with sweet smelling ointment received and couched us in fine linen. But two of our number but two die died of their hardships —— from the too late came their kindness, privations of too late, alas, to save them —— the journey O sad were our hearts! O solemn the funeral in the great mighty temple with its high lofty arches like the trees of the forest where their tops come together. O solemn the service and are buried which the “black robes” provided by the monks to do them great honour; with pomp and the singing and chanting, ceremony the burning of candles and the smoking of incense. O sad were our hearts but the “black robes” assured us that the friends who had left us the Saviour would take them to feast at his banquet and dwell in His lodges for ever and ever and so we were cheered we two, the poor remnant [page 114] of those who had braved this perilous pilgrimage. And then we parted, The monks took farewell of the Fathers promise to send they promised to follow, missionaries to send from their number, and Heeokstekin some who would teach us and the other to worship the Saviour survivor depart with words that were fitting for home and songs that were holy. jubilant And so we departed in joy at their promise, our hearts overflowing with praise and thanksgiving.
[illustration]
[page 115]
An Indian
Pilgrimage
6
AND NOW the long, long journey home is done and I am back again among my own, Heeokstekin a thousand weary leagues or more; but none returns alone of all who left with me returned. Alone and the people at nightfall to my father’s lodge I crept of the tribe and entering silently, I told the tale mourn for the rest of all our wanderings while the listeners wept, of his party shrilly there rose on high the women’s wail. “Weep not for them,” I said, “my comrades true, for they have passed to hunting grounds of bliss where summer ever stays nor will they rue the life that they have lost, they will not miss the joys of earth, the loved ones left behind when in the richness of their faith’s reward they taste its bounties with untroubled mind in the great feasting lodge of Christ, their Lord. [page 116]
An Indian
Pilgrimage
7
AND NOW the long, long journey home is done and I am back again among my own, Heeokstekin a thousand weary leagues or more; but none returns alone of all who left with me returned. Alone and the people at nightfall to my father’s lodge I crept of the tribe and entering silently, I told the tale mourn for the rest of all our wanderings while the listeners wept, of his party shrilly there rose on high the women’s wail. “Weep not for them,” I said, “my comrades true, for they have passed to hunting grounds of bliss where summer ever stays nor will they rue the life that they have lost, they will not miss the joys of earth, the loved ones left behind when in the richness of their faith’s reward they taste its bounties with untroubled mind in the great feasting lodge of Christ, their Lord. [page 116]
The Mission
to St. Louis
THE STORY told by Catlin, the ethnologist, about the stupendous journey which the Indians made to St. Louis to ask that monks might be sent to them to teach them about Jesus Christ, is a moving and a pathetic one.
The “black robes” did come but not then or as a direct result of Heeokstekin’s pilgrimage. Jason Lee came, however, in response to the appeal, from the Methodist denomination with a considerable party and he founded a colony in the Williamette Valley. On the advice of Dr. McLoughlin of the Hudson’s Bay Company he decided to stay west of the Cascades. He confined his ministrations principally to the white settlers.
When Heekstekin and his comrades went to St. Louis, the Roman Catholic Church there was unable at the time to spare the missionairies that they asked might be sent. However, in the summer of 1835, Old Ignace, the Iroquois Chief who with his companions had first brought the gospel of Christ to the Flatheads, now with his two sons travelled to St. Louis to ask again that the prayer might be granted. They returned in the following year. In 1837 the old man with three Flatheads and one Nez Percé started off again for the southern city but the expedition turned out disastrously as the party they travelled with was attacked by the Sioux and all the Indians were put to death. Undeterred by the tragic fate of this pilgrimage, in 1839 the tribes sent Young Ignace and another Indian who travelled down the Yellowstone and the Missouri by canoe with a party of trappers. At Council Bluffs they met a Jesuit missionary, Father De Smet, and from thence went to St. Louis with letters from him to the Superior of that Order. They were promised that a priest would be sent in the Spring, and [page 118] one of them went home to announce the glad tidings while the other stayed in St. Louis to act as guide to the missionary when he should come. The story of the career of Father De Smet and his ministry to the Indian Tribes of the Northwest is a thrilling one. It is pleasant to records that the persistent appeals of the Flatheads and Nez Percés were at length answered by the coming of such a great teacher. [page 119]
The Great
Rivers of
the West
Sacajawea
III
NOW HAS my span filled out a hundred years. I, Sacajawea, of the Shoshone tribe, a princess of the Royal blood, Sacajawea here in my teepee on our reservation, looks back calm and serene I sit awaiting death. on the days My sons, Baptiste and Bazil, still do me honour of her youth and I have naught to crave for, naught to covet. For I have known rich mercies in my time, have seen high deeds and mingled with great men and merited their thanks for help I rendered and played my little part with credit. Aye! strangely enough the mirror of my mind, memory brings back my early years the clearest when I was young and lithe and light of foot; and with the brightness of noonday sun their happenings flash upon my inner vision. Only these later days of failing vigour, of dimming eye and toothless gums and slower step and grosser body have suffered the twilight haze men call forgetfulness. I can recall as though ‘t were yesterday how happy was my childhood and how free, the sunny days of merry play and laughter. I had two maiden friends of my own age —— but fifteen summers had gone o’er our heads — and of each other we were passing fond. There were my parents too and elder sister — my brother Cameah-wait five years my senior —— to cherish me and all were kind and dear. [page 120] [blank page]
[illustration]
By courtesy of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company
Hunting was good and we were happy.
The young braves proud to show their prowess,
yet sought to hide it ‘neath a show of calm;”
[unnumbered page]
Sacajawea
2
THOSE DAYS were not to last. That summer we went hunting far from home near the Great Falls of the Missouri River —— She tells of a the men allowed us maids to go along hunting trip for we could help them with the game they killed. We were right keen to join the party. At first, all things went well. Hunting was good and we were happy. The young braves proud to show their prowess, yet sought to hide it ‘neath a show of calm; but we knew how they felt. We knew their eyes were not unmindful of our presence; and when the chase was o’er and we returned there might be hunting of another sort for these young warriors so strong and brave; and we would be the not unwilling quarry for we were nubile now. Then when alone we maids were wont to chatter and twit each other with a playful banter and single out whose eyes had looked at whom; but there was naught of spite in these our jests nor jealousies to mar our happy friendship and all the future seemed so bright with promise; and then the Minnetares set upon us! Ah that was long ago, but still the horror of that hour, the terror of that night remain as if ‘t were yesterday! the war whoops of our foes, the death cries of the slain, defeat and utter rout and these young braves, my friends [page 121] cut down before my eyes! myself and my two mates each seized in the fierce grip in which she of a Minnetare; thrown across his horse and her and carried helpless through the night friends were taken knowing a bitterness far worse than death. prisoner by Then in the morning with the dawn’s chill light the Minnetares we were delivered at the old Chief’s lodge, each tossed like bale of blankets to his women to be his slaves and do their bidding, suffering blows and beatings at their will. Oh these dread days of horror and suspense! the numbing fear of what might be our fate, the furtive, sly regard of the young men, the uncertainty, the hopelessness! Only we were together, we three maids and that was cause for thankfulness indeed. Then one dark night there came the chance to flee. One of us was too fast asleep to seize it —— the other made clear away but I —— I would not, I could not leave my comrade to her fate, and, so I let it pass and stayed behind, my mind o’erwhelmed with misery and despair. The Great Spirit willed it otherwise.
[illustration]
[page 122]
Sacajawea
3
IN THE midst of these my woes Sacajawea a paleface came one day tells how to visit in the lodges of my foes Charbonneau and he set up his tent to stay comes to the village among us. Charbonneau, his name and from a bleak land, icy and cold, French Canada away in the North he came. As a child I had often been told of a race in the world such as he. True his face was as brown as the brackens in spring but his body where covered was white as could be ‘neath his raiment. With joy he would laugh and would sing not a bit like us Indians —— not stolid and stiff. Quite often he came to the lodge for a while and to gamble and smoke; and to us just as if frequently visits we were friends there was always a nod and a smile the Chief to even though we were slaves, not the looks harsh and hateful gamble with him that we had from our captors as though we were curs to be kicked. Do you wonder that we should be grateful for these crumbs of kindness? We learned it was furs that the white man was seeking. T’was trinkets and knives that he staked with the Chief. One night as they played, Chabonneau always winning, the Chief with his wives all around him, was sulky, while I and the maid, my mate in mishap, lay there brooding alone, the stranger cried loudly, “My winnings I’ll stake against your two slaves of the tribe of Shoshone.” The Chief quick assented the wager to make. Our suspense was not long The pale face laughed loud, [page 123] trilled the snatch of a song —— He wins the Chief’s brow was a-cloud —— Sacajawea and each rose in his place, and her mate the guest grasping his furs in a wager in a greedy embrace, heeding naught the demurs of the squaws gathered round and he strode to where we lay, threw them down upon the ground. “There,” he cried, “we must away.” “You are mine now, pack your load. Henceforth you shall my burdens carry. Follow me,” and off he strode; and we did not dare to tarry for the old Chief waved assent, looking crestfallen and sad; fierce his squaws, as thus we went muttered and fumed; and we were glad, when we’d passed the portals through, Charbonneau should hasten faster from the scene; and happy too that we had another master. Ere the dawn began to break we were paddling down the river. Half asleep and half awake, I felt the ripples throbbing quiver. Soft their voices seemed to speak bidding me to banish sorrow while whispering night winds fanned my cheek and counseled courage for the morrow. [page 124]
[blank page]
[illustration]
From the statue of Sacajawea by Alice Cooper in the City Park,
Portland, Oregon
“How joyful
to think once more that I might see my loves ones!
might view again the dear scenes of my childhood
bearing the little Ba’tiste on my shoulders,”
[unnumbered page]
Sacajawea
4
WE SETTLED in a village of the Mandans and there I bore a son to Charbonneau; Sacajawea and I was one of his three wives, tells how my mate another and we lived in peace; they settle in for he was kind to me after his fashion a village of and struck me only rarely and without malice. The Mandans Soon, following the time my boy was born, and she bears there came to spend the winter near our village a son to a band of white men and they built a fort, Charbonneau thirty or more of them but one was black —— never had such a sight been seen before. His skin was like the raven’s wing in hue, his hair so thick and curly and our people came from all parts to look at him. The leaders of the band were Captain Lewis and Captain Clark and it was by command of one, a Great White Chief called Jefferson that they had set out on a long, long traverse to cross the chain of mountains to the westward and then to follow down that mighty river that wise men tell us joins the great, blue water far, far away. Soon when the sap was flowing off they would go. They said they hoped my people would give them guides to pass the Great Divide and help them take their goods across the mountains —— for, as they knew, our tribe had wealth of horses. So when these leaders learned I was a Shoshone —— my husband told them —— and I knew the language and also was acquainted with the country they straightway hired us both to travel with them She and her as their interpreters and guides. How joyful husband join an to think once more that I might see my loved ones! expedition as might view again the dear scenes of my childhood interpreters bearing the little Ba’tiste on my shoulders. [page 125]
Sacajawea
5
WE LEFT the Mandan village in canoes The party up the Missouri —— past the Yellowstone. leave Once the priogue we sailed in was upset by canoe a sudden squall o’er took us and my man who had the helm, by fear became confused, “the world’s worst waterman” our leader called him, and all the precious gear fell in the water; but by good fortune I just fished it back and Captain Clark was thankful for it seemed without that gear our pains were all for naught and all their journey would have been undone. Soon after I fell sick, knew weary days Sacajawea of heaviness and pain nigh unto death. falls sick I lay and languished, oft of wit bereft thinking myself at home a child once more carefree at play around my father’s lodge. Then every day came Captain Clark to tend me She is tended and I was conscious of his ministering hand by Captain and sensed the gift of healing in its touch. Clark and O he was kind and gentle and his care, recovers restored me to my wonted health again. under his care
[illustration]
[page 126]
Sacajawea
6
AND when we reached the Great Falls of the river The expedition we needs must make a mighty portage round them reaches the and there was much delay. Then too the weather Great Falls was cold and wet and windy; there were hailstones and encounters as big as eagles’ eggs that beat upon us storms of bruising the flesh and falling thick and heavy rain and hail so even strong men sometimes lost their footing felled by their furious force. One day we went, Sacajawea the black man and my husband and myself goes ahead with with Captain Clark ahead of our main party —— a small party the Falls were only half a mile away —— when suddenly a storm came down upon us. But ere it broke our leader made us haste to seek for shelter in a deep ravine They take under a sloping shelf that served as roof shelter from to shield us from the torrent of the rain a rainstorm and here we stayed an hour or so and watched in a ravine in fearful fascination while it fell —— and are nearly ourselves immune from danger as we thought. swept away in But the waters above us had gathered a sudden flood and in a great cataract swept with scarce a moment of warning down with devastating force through the cleft where we waited as though intent with devilish rage to dash us to destruction. And I with my baby as burden must have been borne before it had not Captain Clark come to my succor She and her child and, bracing his body behind me, are saved by pushed me up out of all danger, Captain Clark safe from the swift, swirling waters, —— [page 127] at the risk of his own life he did it —— and Sacajawea was grateful. So from that time as we travelled my gratitude grew to devotion and I made it my loyal endeavor to help with his plans for safe passage —— not alone by the help of my people —— but in all the long journey behind them down the River That Flows to the Westward. [page 128]
Sacajawea
7
MORE THAN three moons had passed and then at last I saw familiar hills upon the skyline They pass and recognized the country of my people into country and three days after that had been our course which Sacajawea forks in three parts. Here at this well-marked spot recognizes one of the leaders, Lewis, went ahead with three to bear him company, the rest Captain Lewis would follow slowly up. We learned in time with three others the stirring story of their great adventure. goes on ahead How they had climbed across the Great Divide finding the Lemhi Pass that let them through and then they met a squaw of my own folk, and makes who, won by gifts and words of soft persuasion, contact with the guided them to our camp. Here they were met Shoshones with smiling welcome from the brave young Chief and all his band, who lovingly embraced them who welcome with warmth and fervor. So then Captain Lewis his party requested aid form them in men and horses warmly to bring the others of his party through up from the place where he had planned to meet them, there at the two forks of the Beaverhead. The Chief To this the Chief with eagerness agreed agrees to go and he and forty braves set out at once back with and all went well; but at the rendezvous Captain Lewis we had not yet arrived. Then ugly gleams, and assist distrust and doubt becloud the warriors’ eyes. the rest of They feared these white men had it in their minds the party, but to lure them to an ambush by their foes, becomes suspicious the dreaded Minnetares; and accused them when they are not their new-found friends, of this base treachery. at the rendezvous Thus for a space it seemed that all were lost, [page 129] the leader and his men might suffer death; but not for long. Lewis with dauntless nerve and wit resourceful, made a daring throw, confiding in the good faith of his host, handed his gun to him and straightway bade his men do likewise so the Chief might see there was no crooked purpose in their mind. He then proposed that two men be sent on, one of their own and one of his, as scouts to meet our party. This was forthwith done and so as we came up we met the two The two and shortly afterwards with all the rest. parties come That was a happy moment then for me together when the two bands were joined in one at last; and I was blithe to recognize my people and and in the Chief himself to find my brother, Sacajawea my dear and loving brother Cameah-wait recognizes and we embraced with joy and happy tears. The Chief That was long years ago. I shall not tell as her the many happenings of our later progress, brother how the supplies were carried with much care across the Great Divide upon our horses and also the bowed shoulders of our women; and how through stress of strenuous toil and peril our party traveled westward to the ocean —— “The Lake of Stinking Water” our folk name it, through dangerous rapids, down the Great Broad River Sacajawea and how I saw a whale, a wondrous monster, recalls with and all that followed, no I shall not tell it. satisfaction But it is sweet to think on now I’m old that she had how these heroic leaders, great men both, been able kindly and brave and just, above reproach, to aid gave me their loyal friendship, how they told me, Captains but for my aid their enterprise had failed. Lewis and Clark Here in my teepee in our reservation in their enterprise I view the past and think upon these things. [page 130]
The Lewis
and Clark
Expedition
THE LEWIS and Clark Expedition was sent out by President Jefferson in 1803 with the object of getting American settlers into the Valley of the Columbia River so as to strengthen the claim of the United States to that territory by exploration. Captain Gray, an American, had been the first to discover the river from the sea. Their journey proved to be a splendid feat of courage and endurance and the rôle which Sacajawea played in it forms an interesting part of the story.
[illustration]
[page 131]
Doctor
John
McLoughlin
“THE GREAT WHITE EAGLE,” the Indians called him at Fort Vancouver where he held his sway, for ere he reached his prime his locks were grey; right kingly too he was in word and deed, so both by outward port and inward meed, they classed him with the King of Birds to pay their highest tribute in the name. For they found him their stay in every time of need; but he was also firm though he was kind. He kept his word with them for good or ill, was prompt to punish if they gave him cause; and often when they planned to break his laws, some helpless settler folk to raid and kill, counsel from him would bring a saner mind. [page 132]
[illustration]
From the murals in the State Capitol, Salem, Oregon, painted by Barry Faulkner and F. H. Swartz.
MERIWETHER LEWIS AND WILLIAM CLARK WITH PARTY
AT CELILO FALLS ON THEIR WAY TO THE PACIFIC, 1805.
“through stress of strenuous toil and peril
our party travelled westward to the ocean…”
[unnumbered page]
[blank page]
The Great
River of
the West
IV
Doctor John McLoughlin
I
I STROLLED on a bleak afternoon in winter nigh to sundown Doctor McLoughlinn on the beach in front of the Fort and my heart was heavy and mournful. views with sadness I felt the old days so spacious of splendid isolation, the canoes of the would soon be gone forever. The future seemed dark and forboding. first settlers on the river in 1843 I loitered there on the beach and looked out over the river to see with a sense of dismay, dotted here and there on its surface from the far East arriving, the first canoes of the settlers, the vanguard of “Forty-three” with a round eight hundred to follow. Late, too late in the year they had come to this land of promise, and dearly must pay for their folly, dearly in hunger and hardship. Food must be found till the Spring to save them from death by starvation; none but myself could supply it, none else could furnish them succor. [page 133] There were the Indians too —— these were a perilous problem —— They looked askance at those strangers, doubted their friendly feelings, feared they would take their land and drive off the game from the forests —— of late I had noticed an air of wildness and strain in their bearing! Now as I paused in my stride I marked between me and the river, He sees a ten or twelve in a group and they saw me coming towards them. group of Indians Indians they were whom I knew and I feared they were plotting some mischief; on the one of them called to the others so loud he must know I would hear him. river bank “Is it good for us that we kill those ‘Bostons’* who come here to rob us.” He overhears one I knew that he said it to sound me. How would I look on such action? cry out that the white So I rushed on him then in a rage with my cane uplifted and threatening; men should be killed “Who is this dog” I cried, “who would talk of killing the Bostons?” and angrily reproves him “I did not mean any harm,” cried the fellow quailing before me, “but that is what all the Indians up at the Dalles are saying.” “Then the Dalles Indians are dogs to say such a thing,” I shouted “and you are a dog yourself who would dare in my hearing repeat it!”
*The Indian name for Americans. The first American trading ships all hailed from Boston. [page 134]
Forthwith I turned on my heel and I knew that the others had heard me. He tells the means Now they would feel that the settlers were under my Company’s aegis he took to prevent and I surely would punish severely any who sought to kill them. the Indians from In the past I had given them proofs that my justice was prompt and potent. killing the settlers Then I sent to the Dalles two boats well stored with provisions. When the later settlers arrived my men would be there to meet them; and to sell to those who could buy or to give to such as had nothing; thus all the Indians would know the strangers had me for their ally. This was the action I took and thus by such means was averted a horrible Indian outbreak, and murder of many settlers, and perchance our own death too, the destruction of Fort Vancouver, and a war between us and the States —— a terrible culmination. And what of the body I serve, the Honourable Hudson’s Bay Company? and defends Had I let the settlers be slain or perish of cold and hunger, his policy would that have made lustrous our name? or rather sunk us in sorrow, towards everyone from the Governor down, ignominy and shame for our portion? [page 135] As for the men of God, the missionaries to the Indians, who came to teach them the truth, the truth about God and salvation, a task that by rights was our own which we had but poorly attempted, could I do less for them than to give them the handclasp of welcome? I dare not drive them away —— I had neither the right nor the power —— only humanity’s law; that was the mandate I followed. Courteous and kind to them all I rendered such aid as was urgent. Did that injure my Company’s cause? nay, rather it made for its credit. Starving, desperate men are a menace to any country. Hunger will force them to steal! the law of the jungle they follow! So if I saved them from that was it not to the Company’s profit? Six thousand miles away, what can they know of my problems? And of all those goods I have given the half may never be paid for, this to my personal loss and not at the Company’s hazard. Surely my conscience is clear. In their need I have clothed the naked, I have furnished the hungry with food; ‘t is the sole vindication I offer. [page 136]
[blank page]
[illustration]
From the painting by Charles F. Comfort;
By courtesy of the Hudson’s Bay Company.
DOCTOR McLOUGHLIN WELCOMING THE SETTLERS
“‘The Good Old Doctor,” the settlers called him,
for none had ever asked his aid in vain.”
[unnumbered page]
Doctor
John
McLoughlin
“THE GOOD OLD DOCTOR,” the settlers called him, for none had ever asked his aid in vain. To clothe the naked and to entertain the stranger guest, this was his joy and pride; and thus they sought the Fort from far and wide. Such kindness made the Governors complain —— they did not want these settlers to remain to till the land. So, often would they chide but from this policy he would not bend. He could not let his fellow creatures die, there in the wilds where none could aid but him. So when from London came the fiat grim, ‘no aid to settlers,’ curt was his reply, ‘this brings my service with you to an end.’ [page 137]
Doctor
John
McLoughlin
2
“CHEER UP, my friends, in two hours we’ll be there at Fort Vancouver; all your trials are past once you set foot within its strong stockade Joseph Hess and you may sleep secure full fed and warm speaks words when the good Doctor takes you ‘neath his wing.” of cheer to a So spoke out Joseph Hess in jovial tones. group of He for the company was in command settlers on of this our crowded craft which it had lent their way to to bring us from the Dalles to Fort Vancouver. Fort Vancouver His cheery words at first brought no response until that pessimist Pete Hunt replied, Kentuckian he of pioneering stock, a proper man for all his grumbling ways, had shown himself most helpful on the trail; “Aye, for the killing he’ll be fattening us; belike we’ll never see the Spring again. He’ll fling us out ere long to freeze and starve but one of or fall beneath the Indians’ tomahawks; them forsees and he’ll be joyful to be rid of us. a sad fate His Company does not want us settlers here ahead of them to till the land and drive away the game. ‘T is furs, not farms, it wants.” He rolled his quid and spat across the gunwale in disgust. “Fie, fie, for shame!” my missus took him up, “have you no faith in God that you speak thus? He is reproved It’s true we have no food or money left; by the wife of our clothes are ragged and the cold is keen the narrator but He will send us help to see us through if we but trust in Him. Winter will pass and we can start our farming in the Spring.” Pete looked at her with pity in his gaze; “More like we will be pushing up the grass —— [page 138] there ain’t no daisies growin’ here I guess —— and these here kids o’ yours, they will be slaves to them there redskins fetchin’ wood and water an’ damned for this life and the next to come. I wish that I at least had had the sense to stay content at home in ‘ole Kaintuk’; we never know our luck till it is gone.” My missus’ cheery face grew grave. Its smile died and her deep blue eyes were dark with pain. I saw her arm close tight round little Jim, who sat upon her knee, as if to shield the youngster from such fate as Pete foretold and my own heart was weighted down with dread. The latter The others round about —— their faces too describes the feelings reflected each thoughts that were far from gay. of the party Empty our stomachs all and lack of food had left us faint, our minds fit prey to fear and for the time we were a craven crew, a score of grownups, five of us were women and there were children four. Mournful the scene The rain had fallen relentlessly all day. Leaden in hue and sinister the sky, and the grim and forbidding was the river’s face. desolateness Forests of oak and pine trees lined its banks of the scene on either side with sad monotony depressing to our souls. The voyageurs paddled with steady stroke and easy grace urging the laden bataeu down the stream, now roused to roughness by the Western wind that icily chill cut through our ill clad limbs cramped with long sitting on these weary boards, damp from the dismal, never-ceasing rain. We were too sad and miserable to talk. As for Joe Hess he merely shrugged and smiled but I could hear him softly to himself: “Oh well, poor devils, you will soon be there; [page 139] and you will see if what I say is true when once you’re lodged beneath the Doctor’s roof to taste his generous hospitality.” Joe Hess had promised true, within two hours The settlers we landed at the Fort; darkness had fallen. land at Fort From the log cabins for the men that lined Vancouver the river banks there shined forth lightsome gleams (1844) of cheerful habitation. Those we passed with staggering steps, our limbs all stiff and numb, through the big gate within the high stockade its timbered ramparts looming tall and dark against the sky, to the great lighted Hall. It stood amid a group of lesser buildings, grand and imposing to our weary eyes subject so long to scenes of desolation. and are There on its threshold framed against the light graciously a massive figure stood to bid us welcome, received by gracious and dignified with kindly greeting Doctor and friendly grasp of hand to all of us McLoughlin as one by one we passed into the room glowing with warmth and friendliness within. Deft hands removed our cloaks and boots; and all the ravages of travel were repaired by ministrant attendants; and the children were straightway fed, undressed and put to bed. Then loud and clear the big bell rang for dinner. To the great dining chamber we were led The Narrator where stood the Factor at the table’s end —— describes full twenty feet in length it was and broad —— the scene ringed round by gentlemen, a goodly group, at dinner chief-traders, traders, clerks and various guests, to each of whom he quickly gave direction where he should sit and so to each of us until the varied company was seated and everyone according to his rank. Then in sonorous tones a grace was asked [page 140] with reverent air in no perfunctory fashion by the good Doctor. With his deep-set eyes and striking features crowned with hoary locks, and handsome dress he made a noble figure, like some great lord of ancient feudal days sitting among his liegemen. Now the viands were quickly served, roast beef and suckling pig, mutton and ham and salmon from the river with various vegetables, wheaten bread and drink to wash it down. The dinner set of delicate queen’s ware and the glittering glass, decanters filled with different coloured wines and gleaming silver made the table rich to satisfy the eye. The meal progressed, course after course. The talk both grave and gay was rich in story and well spiced with wit and often merry laughter filled the room, yet all was with decorum though the wine was freely quaffed except the host himself imbibed it scarce at all. His kindly eye surveyed his guests and spoke the word required to make the diffident stranger feel at ease. Then when the meal was over he arose and said to us: “You good folk from the East kindly attend me to my office now that we may take wise counsel for your case, consider duly your precarious plight and do our best to mend it.” So we passed into an ante-chamber bare and strait, his working quarters. Standing by his desk he made us form a circle round the room and then addressed us: “My good friends and neighbours as you are soon to be, I bid you welcome, although your coming gives me grave concern, arriving as you do late in the year with no provisions for your sustenance [page 141] and scant equipment to start operations upon your farms when Spring comes round again. Last year I suffered more embarrassment with full eight hundred of you on my hands (this year you number half as many more) and those I furnished all with food and clothing and seed to sow their lands preventing famine that must have followed such an immigration as has poured in upon us like a flood. I fear there will be serious suffering ere I can bring you all down from the Dalles and see you to your final destination; but I shall do my best. Tell me your names, where he each one in turn that I may take them down? enquires of how many in your family and your wants? their needs and I must needs supply them. These most pressing, here at the Fort we shall make shift to furnish. and promises I now conduct a store at Oregon City, to supply opened for use of settlers such as you, them and I shall see you get your outfit there.” Then from our number several cried at once, nigh moved to tears in accents of distress: “Doctor, we have no money left at all! How can we take your goods? We cannot pay and know not how or when we e’er may do so!” He only waved a deprecating hand: “Tut, tut,” he said, “I cannot let you starve. We are all brothers here under Christ’s care. My friends and neighbours too now and as such I durst not see you suffer.” One by one we filed before him and he took it down, our names and all our needs advising each with loving interest patient and kind. That night we slept secure beneath his roof with hopes restored anew and minds at ease. [page 142]
Doctor John McLoughlin
“THE FATHER OF OREGON,” posterity calls him and brighter grows his memory year by year. Succeeding generations will revere this man who dared to rank his Company’s rule second to that of Christ, became a fool for his own interest. Favour nor fear perforce could move him; and his loved career of princely power rather than be the tool of selfish aims, he laid it quietly down facing with fortitude fortune’s decline; saw friends grow cold; and felt the bitter sting of base ingratitude. The Eagle’s wing ‘tis true, was clipped; his spirit did not repine. History accords him now a rich renown. [page 143]
Doctor
John
McLoughlin
3
OLD AGE is upon me, aye and poverty with it with death not far distant, Doctor I shall sleep with my sires. McLoughlin My traducers have triumphed. considers his They have stolen my land, ill case and heaped my name with contumely —— sees death some of those whom I succoured, near (1857) the settlers saved from starving. Aye and others have charged me, demagogues without conscience, for their own paltry purpose of contriving the massacre of hundred of their citizens at the hands of the red men. They have dared to indict me He defends for blocking the settlement his records of this Territory of Oregon against false when the facts find most clearly accusations that I labored my utmost to foster and promote it. Had those first, early settlers been my brothers and my sisters I could not have done more to aid and advise them. And for this mine own people, British subject have branded me a traitor to my country for following Christ’s teaching and saving those settlers, all American citizens, men, women and children [page 144] from the torment of famine and the tomahawks of the Indians. I was the first one to take a claim in the country. What return do I receive from those whom I succoured? Why the loss of my land! for while all may get theirs, mine alone was reserved. By wrong representation and unfair legislation I am robbed of my rights! But my days have been full and finds so I should not repine consolation for not all have been false; in his still my friends are not few memories of and I live o’er again the past the brave days in the past of my prosperous prime —— none can take those away! Lying lips may malign my fair fame for a space and the and its lustre may tarnish; thought that but the judgment of time, time will free from bias or passion, vindicate will restore its old brightness, his honour its dear honour once wonted, when this body is clay and my soul gone to God.
[illustration]
[page 145]
The
Father
of
Oregon
THERE is good reason for the name of “The Father of Oregon” which has been applied to Dr. John McLoughlin. Had he adopted a different policy towards the early settlers in the country—the policy that would have suited the company that employed him—its colonization might have been greatly delayed. Without his aid, many of these early comers would have had to leave. He not only furnished them with food and clothing and supplies but, at times, with seed and farming implements. In many cases he was never paid, but in others, the settlers, years after, honourably discharged what they owed. In the end he was unfairly deprived of his property in Oregon City under Section Eleven of the Oregon Donation Land Law and he died practically in poverty. Five years after his death, the State of Oregon reimbursed his heirs for what he lost in this way.
His presence was a striking one as he was powerful in build and six feet four inches tall. His hair, which he wore long, was almost white in the prime of his age.
He was firm and decisive in his dealings with his subordinates and his authority both with them and with the Indians was unquestioned. At the same time he was generous and humane and had a winning personality.
In religious outlook he was broadminded and showed the same helpful spirit toward Catholic and Protestant, toward Methodist, Presbyterian or Baptist, and all were welcome. He embraced the Catholic religion in 1842 and proved himself a faithful son of the Church. Shortly before his death, he received from the Pope the insignia of the Knights of St. Gregory.
After Dr. McLoughlin had passed away, there was found a document among his papers in which he presents [page 146] a defense for some of his actions which had been criticized and notably those concerned with his treatment of the settlers. This statement, commonly known as the “McLoughlin Document,” is now in the possession of the Oregon Pioneer Association. The incident described in the text is taken from this document and was an actual happening.
The section of the poem dealing with the group of settlers being brought down the Columbia in the boat and their reception at the Fort by the Chief Factor is based directly on an account given by David Watt, a pioneer of 1844, who was instrumental in starting the first woolen mill in Oregon in 1857. It is found in his “Recollections of Dr. John McLoughlin,” which was published in the Transactions of the Oregon Pioneer Association of 1886. After describing the scene at the Fort where the Doctor writes our orders to the settlers for them to receive the supplies which they need, he says: “When we started to Oregon, we were all prejudiced against the Hudson’s Bay Company, and Dr. McLoughlin, being Chief Factor of the Company for Oregon, came in for a double share of that feeling. I think a great deal of this was caused by the reports of missionaries and adverse traders, imbuing us with a feeling that it was our mission to bring this country under the jurisdiction of the stars and stripes. But when we found him anxious to assist us, nervous at our situation in being so late, and doing so much without charge, —— letting us have of his store, and waiting without interest, until we could make a farm and pay him from the surplus products of such farm, the prejudice heretofore existing began to be rapidly allayed. We did not know that every dollar’s worth of provisions, etc., he gave us, all advice and assistance in every shape was against the positive orders of the Hudson’s Bay Company. —— In this connection I am sorry to say that thousands of dollars virtually [page 147] loaned by him to settlers at different times in those early days, was never paid, as an examination of his books and papers will amply testify.”
In the last section of the poem are put forth the principal points in the defense of his actions which Dr. McLoughlin set down at the end of the “McLoughlin Document” in which he wrote as follows: “By British demagogues I have been represented as a traitor. For what? Because I acted as a Christian; saved American citizens, men, women and children from the Indian tomahawk and enabled them to make farms to support their families. American demagogues have been base enough to assert that I had caused American citizens to be massacred by hundreds by the savages, I, who saved all I could. I have been represented by the Delegate from Oregon, the late S. R. Thurston, as doing all I could to prevent the settling (of Oregon), while it was well known to every American settler who is acquainted with the history of the Territory if this is not a downright falsehood, and most certainly will say, that he most firmly believes that I did all I could to promote its settlement, and that I could not have done more for the settlers if they had been my brothers and sisters, and, after being the first person to take a claim in the country and assisting the immigrants as I have, my claim is reserved, after having expended all the means I had to improve it, while every other settler in the country gets his. But as I felt convinced that any disturbance between us here might lead to a war between Great Britain and the States, I felt it my bounden duty as a Christian, to act as I did, and which I think averted the evil, and which was so displeasing to some English demagogues that they represented me to the British Government as a person so partial to American interests as selling the Hudson’s Bay Company goods, in my charge, cheaper to American than I did to British subjects…Yet, after acting as I have, [page 148] spending my means and doing my utmost to settle the country, my claim is reserved, while every other settler in the country gets his; and how much this has injured me, is daily injuring me, it is needless to say, and certainly it is a treatment I do not deserve and which I did not expect. To be brief, I found this settlement and prevented a war between the United States and Great Britain, and for doing this peaceably and quietly, I was treated by the British in such a manner that from self respect I resigned my situation in the Hudson’s Bay Company’s service, by which I sacrificed $12,000 per annum, and the ‘Oregon Land Bill’ shows the treatment I received from the Americans.”
In 1887 the people of Portland raised a subscription for a life-size portrait of Dr. McLoughlin to be painted and presented to the Oregon Pioneer Association. The portrait was later turned over by it to the State of Oregon. Governor Sylvester Pennoyer, himself an Oregon pioneer, in accepting it on behalf of the State said in part: “This gift is alike creditable to the venerable men of your Association in its bestowment and to the State of Oregon in its acceptance. It does honor to the pioneers of Oregon, because it shows their full appreciation of the high qualities of a true and noble manhood and the placing of this painting in the honorable position it now occupies in the senate-hall of the state capitol evinces a like appreciation on the part of the representatives and the people of this great state. Dr. McLoughlin was, indeed, a most extraordinary man. Entrusted with a most responsible position under the British flag at a time when there was a bitter contest for governmental supremacy in Oregon, it was the undoubted and honorable wish and prompting of his heart that the flag of his country might continue to wave over Oregon soil, and yet in instances repeated without number, he extended the hand of charity and unstinted aid to the poor immigrants of the contesting [page 149] people, whose advent here threatened the supremacy of his government over the contested territory. While he was loyal to his country he was, as became his lofty character, more loyal to his conscience; and while never forgot his higher duty as a man…Then let this picture of the grand old man, whose numerous deeds of charity are inseparably interwoven in the early history of our state, ever enjoy the place of honor it now holds; and when our children and our children’s children shall visit these venerated halls, let them pause before the portrait of this venerable man and do homage to his memory, who, with his patriotic devotion to his country and his devout service to his God, crowned the full completeness of his high character with an unmeasured love for his fellow man.”
[illustration]
[page 150]
The Miner
Mine is the maddening quest for gold, mine the dream of wealth untold. O’er the mountains wild and steep, through the valleys dark and deep in river bed and rushing stream hunting aye the golden gleam, still with never failing zest see me follow on the quest. Counting not the lands I’ve wandered, recking not the years I’ve squandered, though the search hath naught availed me, though my faltering limbs have failed me, still until my body perish aye my heart its hope will cherish yet to strike rich pay at last, full reward for labours past. And if despite her long beguiling Dame Luck will ne’er be on me smiling, if scant the gold that I shall find, when, old and lame and sick and blind at length the Great Divide I’ve crossed, I shall not count my labour lost. Lord, let me search for gold once more there by the River’s shining shore. [page 151]
Cariboo
Days
I
The Rape
of the
Boot
INTREPID Walter Moberly had many a vicissitude exploring in the Rockies and through the Cariboo. Right well he knew the dangers and he exercised solicitude as far as it was possible to obviate them too. He met with weird adventures, remarkable and numerous, Walter far more than are vouchsafed to the ordinary chap; Moberly and some were spiced with danger, some gay and others humorous had many but his spirit never faltered whatever the mishap. adventures He encountered savage grizzlies and the deadly rattlesnake and he backed bucking bronchos and rode them on the trail. Wild Indians could not scare him nor “bad whites” his courage shake, the Sherrif served a writ on him and then he did not quail. He had taken the first contract for the road to Cariboo. His men went off and left the work to join the search for gold. The Government would not pay him the monies that were due and cancelled his road contract with loss to him untold. He could have fled the country and left every obligation, but that was not his nature, although these were large and many; [page 152] and it took him eight long, scrimping years to win emancipation. He was able then to liquidate and paid them every penny. To go into that deeply here is not in my indenture. but this It were a striking subject, a theme inspiring, big; concerns an but the aim of this slight ditty is to set out an adventure encounter that befell this hardy pioneer pertaining to a pig. with a pig Once when travelling down the Fraser in his work of exploration He arrives at one evening tired and footsore he arrived at Chapman’s Bar. Chapman’s There was none to bid him welcome but he asked no invitation Bar to make himself at once at home for he had travelled far. It was hot and he was thirsty but he found some handy food there and after and with flapjacks and with bacon he soon cooked himself a dinner; dining and, washed down with fragrant coffee, he adjudged it very good fare for any old campaigner whether he were saint or sinner. There was a new log building with no doors or windows in it he lies down where a stretcher made of gunny sacks invited him to sleep. to sleep So he threw himself upon it and was “fast” in half a minute and knew no more till morning when the dawn began to peep. [page 153] Then to his waking consciousness there came a curious snorting In the and a grunting loud and dissonant just close beside his head. morning he So he opened wide his eyes in time to see a pig cavorting is awakened naively round the premises and nuzzling at his bed. by a pig In an instant he had raised himself annoyed by such intrusion He throws and looked around for something to rap the porker’s snout. his boot at Then he picked up his boot in the heat of his confusion the animal and threw it at the grunting beast with hope to drive it out. In this he was successful but, much to his astonishment, but to his the pig “pinched” the missile and quickly made escape; chagrin the nor waited to listen to the traveller’s admonishment, pig made who followed in his stockinged feet indignant at the rape. away with it “His pigship” proved the swifter and vanished in the thicket before poor Walter Moberly could catch him by the tail; and sadly he soliloquized, “Now that just wasn’t ‘cricket,’ to steal my boot away from me when I must walk to Yale!” ‘T was a twenty-five mile journey without any road to follow So the explorer had and it proved a painful penance for his bruised and bleeding foot; to walk to Yale but by nightfall he espied with joy the town’s lights in the hollow with but one boot where he sojourned to recuperate and bought another boot. [page 154]
Walter
Moberly
WALTER MOBERLY, C.E., was the explorer who discovered the route by which the Canadian Pacific Railway was built through the Selkirk Mountains. Eagle Pass was revealed to him when he followed, with his eyes, the flight of the eagles and noticed that although the wall of the mountains seemed impenetrable they had a route known to them which they followed through.
In the year 1859 in pursuance of his object he was exploring the canyons of the Fraser River between Yale and Lytton when the incident featured in “The Rape of the Boot” took place. He relates it in his article “History of Cariboo Wagon Road” published in “Historical Papers” under the auspices of the Art, Historical and Scientific Association, Vancouver, B.C. The writer has followed closely the story as given by him with but one embellishment. The explorer did not throw the boot at the pig as described in the text but the animal just picked it up and ran off with it.
Walter Moberly tells in the same article how he with two associates received a charter to build part of “The Yale-Cariboo Wagon Road” from the Government under Governor Douglas. The contractors got into serious trouble when their men left the job to go off to the goldfields and the Government took advantage of the untoward circumstances and demanded a relinquishment of the charter, also the surrender of all the supplies and implements on the works to the value, as he claimed, of over $6000. The Government itself was short of funds and was willing enough to profit by the situation according to Moberly’s account. He not only lost all he had but found himself heavily in debt. Notwithstanding the unfair treatment he had received, he and his personal feelings [page 155] aside and acted as engineer on the road for the Government and for some of the contractors.
In 1864 he resigned his position as government engineer to enter the Legislative Council of British Columbia as representative of the Cariboo District. He died in Vancouver in 1915 in circumstances of extreme poverty.
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[page 156]
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“With a train of goods
on horseback had they come to this raw, mining town
that with a mushroom growth had sprung to being.”
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Cariboo
Days
II
Cariboo
Cameron’s
Pledge
I
THERE came to Bakerville in Eighteen-sixty-two, John A. Cameron and Sophia, his young wife, from Summertown in Ontario through Victoria to seek their fortunes. With a train of goods on horseback had they come to this raw, mining town that with a mushroom growth had sprung to being out of the golden sands of Williams Creek. How John A. The first stage of the journey was by boat, Cameron Victoria to Yale and that was easy going. and his wife From thence the goods were packed on mules went to the and the two Easterners rode beside them. Cariboo Bob Stevenson, their partner had gone on in Spring. He had a trading business in the town —— and these had followed when the trail had dried, leaving in June not to arrive till August. These were the days before the Road was made. The trail they had to use was full of perils, precipitous-sided grades, rockslides and landslides, cougar and grizzlie bears and poisonous rattlers, wild beasts and hostile Indians, such dread hazards, as to affright the gently-nurtured woman, who chose to bear her husband company into this land so different from her own, so desolate and grim in all its grandeur rather than let him travel forth alone. The trading partnership proved fortunate Their trading for goods were at a premium and the two, business proves Cameron and his friend, thriving on their venture. profitable But there were richer gains now the ground[page 157] than could be won by trade; and gold was all but they the talk about men’s tongues. We find them next abandon it to working the Cameron claim with four associates take up mining while yet the summer sun burned hot above them. [page 158]
Cariboo
Cameron’s
Pledge
2
SEPTEMBER came and brought an early snowfall and Cameron’s wife fell ill. October followed, bleak and austere thirty degrees below with furious driving winds that drove the cold through every crack and crevice of the shack Cameron’s that was the miner’s shelter and ere long wife falls sick the stricken wife lay dying. Ere she passed and dies she made her husband vow to take her home, home to her loved Ontario for her burial, far from this unkind country that she hated Her husband to one wherein her bones might rest in peace. promises to The sorrowing man made no complaint or murmur take her body but set his face to carry out her wish. back to Naught could be done till Spring except they laid Ontario her body in a coffin made of tin and cased inside with wood and ere ‘t was closed they laid beneath her head a coloured shawl that she had worn, a present from her sister, to be her pillow all that weary way that she must travel. Then behind the bier a file of bearded miners followed slow adown the village to an empty shack where now they laid it, there to rest a space until the time should come to bear it forth to its far bourne. Meanwhile the little group, who owned the Cameron mine went working on. Cameron Despite the iron hardness of the ground and his and the keen, piercing torture of the cold partners they dug on doggedly. December came strike gold and they were down some twenty feet or more, the stricken mourner working with the rest, though now he took scant interest in the quest, when they struck gold in plenty of great richness such as exceeded all their fondest dreams. [page 159]
Cariboo
Cameron’s
3
January snows piled deep and high and smallpox raged among the Indian tribes, more feared than all the perils of the trail Cameron but Cameron was staunch and would not stay. with the aid His promise urged him on to seek fulfilment of his partner, and so he started out with steadfast heart, Stevenson, his partner, Stevenson accompanying him. takes his When it was found that gold would not avail wife’s body to tempt these hardy miners to the task, to Victoria to face disease and all the painful rigours of such a hazardous trip, the faithful friend rallied to meet the need. “John, I will go,” he said; and that was all there was to that and go he did. No need to tell it here, the epic story of that arduous passage but it was March, the Seventh when with the body they reached Victoria and the following day, after the undertaker of the town had filled with alcohol the metal casket, and then the there was a second solemn funeral held. two return Then the chief mourners took their journey back— to their back to the mine where there was wealth to win— mine and by the Fourth of April they were home. [page 160]
Cariboo
Cameron’s
Pledge
4
THREE hundred and fifty thousand dollars that was the gold that Cameron took that year out of his mine—so it had been computed— After and when the autumn came he left Cariboo for the Coast amassing to finish his pact with the dead wealth from and Stevenson his partner went with him. their mine So November saw them depart, they take Mrs. taking the body along Cameron’s body on a steamer sailing south, to New York San Francisco the first port of call, and then down the Mexican coast to the Isthmus of Panama, that zone of withering heat. Thence to New York they sailed— these were days when travel was hard, painful and tedious and slow— and when they reached there at last they thought that now all was well and the worst of their journey was o’er but still there was trouble in store for the Customs would not let them pass. This ponderous casket they brought— it weighed nearly five hundred pounds— they thought it must surely contain something more than a pitiful corpse and these miners escorting it there had put forth an incredible tale. So, this meant a tormenting delay and the friends were in deepest distress; but aid influential was found and they swore affidavits a-plenty so, at last, those in charge let them through [page 161] with the sorrowful burden they bore. And they brought it at length home at last to Cornwall where she had been born, the wife who had followed her man so far and thus bravely to die away in that lone Cariboo. And Cameron buried her there and then to with the friends who had known her in youth Cornwall, to walk in the funeral train Ontario, and see her laid safely away. where they And the husband was glad that at last bury her he had kept his faith with the dead. Now there you would say was the end of a sad and a pitiful tale; and the brave, little wife was at rest to lie till the Judgment Day. [page 162]
Cariboo
Cameron’s
Pledge
5
BUT rumour like a running flame was busy now with Cameron’s name. From lip to lip the story ran about this strange, mysterious man: the wife he made pretense to mourn Ugly tales was not within this casket borne are told from Western wilderness to lie about in Cornwall cemetery hard by Cameron the home where she was born. ‘T was said, the woman was not even dead; but she had met a harder fate e’en at the hands of him her mate: for driven by his thirst for gold, this man his wife had actually sold in slavery to an Indian chief— it was a slander past belief and yet the story would not down. It blackened Cameron’s fair renown. The more he scored the fateful lie, the more his friends would pass him by with head averted; if they spoke ‘t was with constraint. The ordeal broke the miner’s spirit; the iron nerve by which through all he did not swerve from keeping that grim promise sworn, daring the hardships he had borne and all the perils of the trail, before this danger seemed to fail. Here was a foe he could not face, which seemed to lurk in every place where he might turn. So nigh distraught, and his partner in his perplexity he sought advises him advice from his old partner, who what he must do told him at once what he must do. [page 163]
Cariboo
Cameron’s
Pledge
6
SO AT Cornwall in the midst of a throng of relations and friends of those curious to see such a singular sight, In order to the coffin was raised from its grave quiet the and an opening was made at the head calumny exposing the face of the dead. Cameron “It’s Sophy,” the sister exclaimed, has his wife’s “just as she looked in her life, body exhumed girlish and fragile and young.” She spoke to the undertaker, just a word; and he put in his hand under the head of the corpse and pulled forth a patterned shawl. “It’s one that I gave her the day she was married,” the sister declared; and she covered her face with her hands and wept; while the people in line passed by the body to view. He, the husband stood bitterly by and he is with head bent and bared; but all those vindicated who had cherished and carried the tale— their heads were averted once more but now they were lowered in shame. The body was moved yet again to Summertown where it was laid to rest there until the last trump. And still in that far land of gold old timers will tell you the tale of Cariboo Cameron’s task and the way that he carried it through. [page 164]
Cariboo
Days
III
Moriturus
I AM the last camel, the last of the twenty-one who came to Cariboo in the year “sixty-two” The last from far-off Machuria. camel expresses What a country! what a people! his feelings and what a road to travel on! about Cariboo How we longed for the hot suns and the soft sands of the desert! How we longed for the hot suns and the soft sands of the desert! How we hated our drivers! speaking strange oaths, wearing odd garments, with no knowledge or skill of how to load us or to ride us. How we loathed and despised them! O the meanness of the mules! with mouths like crocodiles and legs like battering rams, swift to kick like the lightning; and the horses as hateful undersized and unkempt, stubborn and vicious would go frantic with fury, try to unset their riders with most odd, rocking motions. They had never seen the like of us and were terrified at the sight of us, sought to jump off the road whenever we met with them. [page 165] And their owners swore loudly and smote us with contumely whose sires, the pride of Bactria, were the flower of riding camels. But we bore it in silence with heads high despising them, puny men of no poise, grasping and garrulous, fit subjects for ridicule. We enjoyed their discomfiture and looked on with derision as their packmules stampeded in terror at sight of us. But my comrades are gone, all dead now or scattered and I live here alone, on a ranch at Grande Prairie, old and stiff-jointed, from these terrible winters at the home of my master, lonely and loveless except for his daughter, who pets me and tends me. Full gladly I kneel to permit her to mount me, and when proudly I bear her, I dream with regret He recalls of the days of my youth with sadness when supple and swift happier days I swept o’er the desert and breathed its warm wind like rich balm in my nostrils. But my days now are numbered. and knows To-morrow I perish— that his I heard them decree it— doom is sealed for destroying their fences. [page 166] They thought to confine me with frail barriers of pinewood me, “the ship of the desert”, but I put my head under and tore them asunder. Yea, I am the last one, the last of the camels that came to Cariboo in the year “sixty-two” and tomorrow I perish.
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[page 167]
The Camels
on the
Cariboo Road
The career of the camels as beasts of burden on the Cariboo Road was a short one. They were purchased in San Francisco in 1862 for Adam Heffly and Henry Ingram out of a shipment brought into California from China, either Mongolia or Manchuria according to an interesting article by W.T. Hayhurst on “The Camels in British Columbia” published in the 6th Report of the Okanagan Historical Society (1935). For twenty-three thus acquired, a price of six thousand dollars was paid. Only twenty-two of those arrived in Victoria where they made quite a sensation especially among the Indians who had never seen or heard of such animals before. They were straightway shipped to Yale and put into service packing supplies on the Cariboo Road.
However, from the first they were not a success. Their feet were not suited for the rough and rocky surface of the Road and it was found necessary to shoe them with boots of canvas or rawhide. Then they caused consternation amongst the horses and mules of the pack trains which wound their way along the narrow winding ledge of which for the most part the Road consisted with its precipitous sides reaching far down to the river below. One can imagine the dismay and the disgust of the weary packer on turning around some bend in the Road to come full upon the camels and to have his whole train of horses or mules stampeded in their terror of those outlandish beasts of which even the smell was obnoxious. Ere long an appeal was made to Governor Douglas to have them prohibited from the Road and within a year from their first appearance they were gone. Some were taken over to the Henry Ingram place at Grande Prairie, forty miles from Kamloops, where they were used in hauling the [page 168] logs for his house. One became a great pet of his daughter who used to ride it about the place. The animals had to be clipped like sheep in the Spring of the year and housewives of the district used the hair for making mattresses and pillows. The last of them was put to death by shooting in or about 1896.
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[page 169]
Afterword
Much of the old simplicity of life has passed. Speed and efficiency and all those fetishes of modern civilization have entered in to rob us of our restfulness and calm. Science has multiplied our comforts and medicine has lengthened out our span. Distance has been abridged and now we know about our neighbours since the air is vocal to cast abroad their thoughts and aspirations, their drama and their music and their songs. War has intensified its horrors and slavery has come to many lands that not long since were free. Tyrants have raged and fumed and worked their will upon the peoples around about them. No more the bane of unemployment brings misery; for ‘neath this new regime there is made work for all. But peace has now been won once more and the buoyant spirit of youth still lives. Truth, courage and honour are not yet dead and will in time prevail. When we look back upon these stirring stories of the past, and see what common, simple men have done under the plan of Providence Divine to shape the destiny of this Northwest, whether selfishly or otherwise, in faith and hope, it steels us with fortitude to face the future. [page 170]
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